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  4. T. 49, № 6, 2023

Физиология человека, 2023, T. 49, № 6, стр. 98-116

Иммунологические аспекты реактивации латентных инфекций в условиях космического полета и Антарктики

С. М. Шульгина 1, *, М. П. Рыкова 1, О. В. Кутько 1, В. А. Шмаров 1, Е. Н. Антропова 1, Э. А. Жирова 1, Е. А. Лысенко 1, 2, К. Д. Орлова 1, Д. Д. Власова 1, С. А. Пономарёв 1, **

1 ФГБУН ГНЦ РФ – Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН
Москва, Россия

2 Университет Падуи
Падуя, Италия

* E-mail: sofiya.kayunova@mail.ru
** E-mail: dr.grey@bk.ru

Поступила в редакцию 22.12.2022
После доработки 17.04.2023
Принята к публикации 10.05.2023

Аннотация

Комплекс факторов космического полета (КП) может оказывать негативное влияние на организм человека, в том числе и на системы врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета. Одним из негативных эффектов нарушения функциональной активности иммунной системы является снижение иммунологического контроля латентных инфекций. В ходе кратко- и долгосрочных КП была показана реактивация латентных вирусных агентов, при этом вирус обнаруживался в биологических жидкостях организма и в течение некоторого времени после возвращения на Землю. Несмотря на то, что в большинстве случаев реактивация проявлялось бессимптомно, есть опасения, что во время продолжительных экспедиций в дальний космос реактивация латентных патогенов может привести к развитию заболеваний, опасных для жизни и здоровья экипажа. Имеются довольно обширные сведения о реактивации вирусных патогенов в условиях КП, однако реактивация бактериальных агентов у космонавтов практически не изучена. В связи со сложностью проведения исследований в космических условиях, важную роль приобретают наземные аналоговые эксперименты, моделирующие условия пребывания человека в космосе. Одним из наиболее показательных аналогов КП является долгосрочное пребывание человека в условиях Антарктиды, которое дает возможность получить уникальные сведения о влиянии изоляции, повышенного психического и физиологического стресса на реактивацию латентных инфекций. В настоящее время латентность все чаще рассматривается с точки зрения симбиотического существования патогена и хозяина, в ходе которого организм человека получает дополнительную устойчивость к некоторым инфекционным агентам. Таким образом, важной задачей предстоящих исследований является комплексный анализ иммунологического статуса человека в условиях КП, установление его взаимосвязи с реактивацией латентных инфекций и разработка систем мониторинга, профилактики и лечения негативных последствий реактивации с учетом реалий КП.

Ключевые слова: латентные инфекции, реактивация, космический полет, Антарктида, герпесвирусы, хламидии, аутоиммунитет, цитокины.

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