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Журнал эволюционной биохимии и физиологии, 2023, T. 59, № 5, стр. 345-360

Роль цАМФ в топографической организации обонятельной системы

Е. В. Бигдай 1, А. А. Разинова 1, *

1 Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации
Санкт-Петербург, Россия

* E-mail: annichok@mail.ru

Поступила в редакцию 25.04.2023
После доработки 05.07.2023
Принята к публикации 21.07.2023

Аннотация

В статье анализируются данные литературы, посвященные роли молекулярных обонятельных рецепторов и цАМФ в формировании топографической организации обонятельной сенсорной системы. Сенсорная информация до передачи ее в мозг организована уже в периферическом отделе по принципу “один нейрон–один рецептор”, распространяющийся и на гломерулы в обонятельной луковице (ОЛ), которые подчиняются закону “одна гломерула–один рецептор”. В настоящее время важную роль в формировании сенсорной карты стали приписывать обонятельным рецепторам, играющим двойную роль в организации обонятельной системы, поскольку локализуются как в обонятельных жгутиках, так и в мембране конуса роста аксона одного и того же обонятельного сенсорного нейрона (ОСН), и определяют мишени для аксонов ОСН в ОЛ. Вместе с тем существуют убедительные доказательства центральной роли внутриклеточной сигнальной системы цАМФ в развитии сенсорной карты. Методом генетической мутации с отменой синтеза цАМФ выявили, что аксоны, несущие эту мутацию, никогда не проникают в гломерулярный слой, а остаются в слое обонятельного нерва. При этом аксоны ОСН нацеливаются на ОЛ, но не могут сформировать отчетливые и четко определенные гломерулы, многие из которых становятся гетерогенными, поскольку содержат волокна, принадлежащие ОСН, экспрессирующим обонятельные рецепторы к разным одорантам. Таким образом, цАМФ, синтезируемый в кончике аксона ОСН, под действием сигналов из ОЛ регулирует экспрессию молекул его навигации к своей мишени в ОЛ, а также образует интрабульбарные химические и электрические синапсы, формируя нейронные цепи. Многочисленные клинические и экспериментальные данные позволили заключить, что патогенетические механизмы развития некоторых психических заболеваний связаны с нарушением регуляции цАМФ.

Ключевые слова: обонятельные рецепторы, обонятельные сенсорные нейроны, обонятельная луковица, ринотопическая карта, циклонуклеотид-зависимые каналы, цАМФ

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