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  4. T. 59, № 9, 2023

Генетика, 2023, T. 59, № 9, стр. 981-1001

Клеточные и эпигенетические аспекты программирования тренированного иммунитета и перспективы создания универсальных вакцин в преддверии учащающихся пандемий

И. В. Алексеенко 1, 2, Р. Г. Василов 1, Л. Г. Кондратьева 1, 2, *, С. В. Костров 1, И. П. Чернов 2, Е. Д. Свердлов 1, **

1 Национальный исследовательский центр Курчатовский институт,
123182 Москва, Россия

2 Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова Российской академии наук
117997 Москва, Россия

* E-mail: liakondratyeva@yandex.ru
** E-mail: edsverd@gmail.com

Поступила в редакцию 14.04.2023
После доработки 19.04.2023
Принята к публикации 20.04.2023

Аннотация

Неизбежность вспышек пандемических болезней вызывает острую необходимость чрезвычайных мер, направленных на создание эффективных технологий снижения их вреда для человеческой популяции в промежуток времени от появления эпидемии до разработки соответствующих вакцин и организации их производства. В данном обзоре мы обсуждаем возможность создания универсальных вакцин, которые, используя неспецифический антипатогенный потенциал врожденного иммунитета, позволяли бы при появлении неидентифицированного патогена вакцинировать популяцию, в которой произошла вспышка болезни, и снижать ее остроту до появления специфических к данному патогену вакцин. В целом имеются убедительные доказательства того, что живые бактериальные или вирусные вакцины, например, от туберкулеза (БЦЖ), кори и полиомиелита, оказывают гетерологичное защитное воздействие против неродственных патогенов. Это связано со способностью врожденной иммунной системы хранить память о прошлых инфекциях и использовать ее для выработки иммунной защиты против новых. Этот эффект получил название “обученного” или “тренированного” иммунитета. Использование тренированного иммунитета также может представлять собой важный новый подход к улучшению существующих вакцин или к разработке новых вакцин, которые сочетают в себе индукцию классической адаптивной иммунной памяти и врожденной иммунной памяти. Такие подходы могут быть усилены с помощью генетических технологий и могут оказаться чрезвычайно полезными в борьбе с будущими пандемиями.

Ключевые слова: БЦЖ, врожденная иммунная система, мостовые вакцины, тренированный иммунитет, TLR.

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