УДК 578.4(470.22)

ARTHROPOD-BORNE AND ARTHROPOD-RELATED VIRUSES

IN IRAN AND NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

^aResearch Center of Health and Environment, School of Health,

Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

^bDepartment of Medical Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, School of Medicine,

Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran

^cDepartment of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK

Correspondence: Prof. Dr. Shahyad Azari-Hamidian, Research Center of Health

and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences,

Rasht, Iran, P.O. Box: 3391, Rasht, Iran, Tel./Fax: 0098 13 33822877

The present article is dedicated to my wife Elaheh and my son Arvin who have patiently

supported me during my professional currier, especially providing this article

*e-mail: azari@gums.ac.ir

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9370-9638

Received May 07, 2023

Revised August 30, 2023

Accepted September 20, 2023

Arthropods are very significant for human and veterinary medicine and health because of the

burden of diseases caused by the pathogens they transmit. Databases, including the Web of Science,

PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, CABI, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex and Magiran

were searched to the end of December 2022 for publications concerning infections in Iran caused

by arboviruses. Pertinent information was extracted and analyzed. Thirty-three viral infections occur

in Iran, which are biologically or mechanically known or assumed to be transmitted by arthropods.

Information about agents (viruses), distribution (in 31 Iranian provinces), hosts (human and animals)

and known vectors in Iran was obtained for each disease. Also, a list of arboviruses was provided for

the countries neighboring Iran, including Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait,

Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and the United Arab Emirates, as well

as Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen, which do not neighbor Iran but, like Iran, occur in

the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region. This list includes 40 viruses which

are not formally recorded in Iran. The viruses are members of 19 genera representing 14 families

in which three, four, 20 and 29 viruses are sandfly-borne, biting midge-borne, mosquito-borne and

tick-borne, respectively.

Keywords: arboviruses, biological transmission, mechanical transmission, mobovirus, reservoirs,

vectors, zoonoses

356

DOI: 10.31857/S0031184723050010; EDN: PTKYLO

About 17% of the global burden of infectious and parasitic diseases is caused by

vector-borne pathogens. After lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, HIV/AIDS

and tuberculosis, malaria displays the fifth highest burden among infectious and parasitic

diseases (World Health Organization, 2008). Traditionally, malaria and leishmaniasis are

major diseases in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region,

caused by vector-borne malarial protozoa (mosquito-borne) and trypanosomes (sandfly-

borne), respectively. Many other arthropod-borne viral (arboviral) infections, such as

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, Rift Valley fever,

sandfly fever, West Nile fever and yellow fever, are of lesser or more local importance

(World Health Organization, 2004). While, the burden of malaria has decreased and the

burden of leishmaniasis has not changed during recent years in the region (World Health

Organization, 2004, 2008, 2017), some arboviral infections, such as Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever, Chikungunya fever, dengue fever, Rift Valley fever and West Nile

fever, which are classified as neglected, emerging or reemerging infectious diseases (EIDs

or RIDs), have been introduced into the region or Iran (World Health Organization, 2010;

Parhizgari et al., 2017; Pouriayevali et al., 2019). It has been estimated that the majority of

EIDs are zoonotic (60.3%) and 71.8% of these are caused by pathogens that originated from

wildlife, such as Ebola virus, Nipah virus and severe acute respiraotory syndrome (SARS)

virus. While 25.4% of EIDs are caused by viral and prion pathogens, 22.8% of EIDs

are vector-borne (Jones et al., 2008). Some arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are not

pathogenic for humans but they are for domesticated animals; thus, they are very important

in view of food production and/or have economical importance because of loss of eggs,

milk or meat production, unhealthy offspring and loss of herds or fowl populations due to

diseases such as African horse sickness (Dennis et al., 2019), African swine fever (Dixon et

al., 2019), bluetongue (Maclachlan et al., 2015), bovine ephemeral fever (Walker, Klement,

2015), fowl pox (Della-Porta, 2001), rinderpest (Roeder et al., 2013) and Schmallenberg

virus infection (Collins et al., 2019). Also, the possible use of some arthropods infected with

certain arboviruses as weapons or bioterrorism is mentioned in published literature, such

as mosquitoes infected with dengue, Rift Valley fever and yellow fever viruses and ticks

infected with Colorado fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses (Lockwood,

2012). There are more than 600 known arboviruses (Conway et al., 2014) and about 100

of these infect humans and some 40 infect livestock (Hart, 2001). Fifty arboviruses are

known to cause disease in homeotherm (endotherm) wild and domestic mammals and birds

(Hubálek et al., 2014a).

Iran is located in the Middle East and southwestern Asia where the Afrotropical,

Oriental and Palaearctic Regions converge. Iran is connected with Central Asia through

Turkmenistan in the northeast, with southern Asia and the Oriental Region through Pakistan

in the southeast and with the Afrotropical Region through the Arabian Peninsula in the

south. For this reason, the region is interesting in view of biodiversity while at the same

357

time complicating interventions for vector control and integrated vector management (IVM)

aimed at reducing the transmission of vector-borne pathogens and parasites and the burden

of diseases. Iran also resides in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region along with 21

other countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,

Lybia, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria,

Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen (World Health Organization, 2004).

There are some recent and useful reviews of different arboviruses that occur in some

of the aforementioned countries, such as Failloux et al. (2017) who reviewed arboviruses

in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions, Atkinson and Hewson (2018) who reviewed

arboviruses in Central Asia and Braack et al. (2018) who reviewed mosquito-borne viruses

(moboviruses) in Africa. Also, there are some useful reviews on specific infections that

occur in the region, such as African horse sickness (Dennis et al., 2019), African swine

fever (Dixon et al., 2019), Akabane virus infection (Kirkland, 2015), Bhanja virus infection

(Hubálek, 1987), bluetongue virus infection (Maclachlan et al., 2015), bovine ephemeral

fever (Walker, Klement, 2015), bovine herpes (Chatterjee et al., 2016), Chikungunya virus

infection (Silva et al., 2018), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Nasirian, 2019), Hantaan

virus infection (Bi et al., 2008), Rift Valley fever (Kenawy et al., 2018), rinderpest (Roeder

et al., 2013), sandfly fever (Depaquit et al., 2010), Schmallenberg virus infection (Collins

et al., 2019), West Nile fever (Eybpoosh et al., 2019) and Zika virus infection (Epelboin

et al., 2017), as well as reviews for specific countries, such as Afghanistan (Wallace et al.,

2002), Pakistan (Hayes, Burney, 1981), Sudan (Ahmed et al., 2020) and Turkey (Ergunay

et al., 2011; Inci et al., 2013, 2016, 2018; Düzlü et al., 2020).

Recently, Azari-Hamidian et al. (2019) reviewed 14 mosquito-borne pathogens and

parasites in Iran, including six viral infections (avian or fowl pox, bovine ephemeral

fever, dengue, Rift Valley fever, Sindbis and West Nile fever), two bacterial infections

(anthrax and tularemia), four helminthoses (Deraiophoronema evansi infection, dirofilariasis,

lymphatic filariasis and setariasis) and two protozoal infections (avian and human malarias)

and updated the checklist of Iranian mosquitoes. Also, Parhizgari et al. (2021) reviewed

some selected diseases in Iran caused by vector-borne pathogens. They reviewed, for

example, four arboviruses: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, dengue fever, sandfly fever

and West Nile fever.

In the present article, we provide a comprehensive review of infections caused by

arboviruses in Iran. We also provide a list of arboviruses in the countries neighboring

Iran, as well as Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen, which, like Iran, located in

the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, and have not received much attention in recent

reviews of arboviruses (Failloux et al., 2017; Braack et al., 2018). Thus, the present review

includes 19 countries. Additionally, it includes some viruses that are not (true) arboviruses

or are arthropod-related viruses which arthropods may mechanically transmit to humans

and domestic animals, and were not included in the aforementioned reviews of arboviruses.

358

METHODS

Iran, with an area of approximately 1,648,195 km², is located between 25-40^o N latitude

and 44-63^o E longitude and formally includes 31 provinces (Fig. 1). Iran is bordered by

Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan in the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east,

Iraq and Turkey in the west and the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the south, across

which lie the countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United

Arab Emirates. Hereafter, Iran, the aforementioned countries and five countries of the

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region, including Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen,

are referred to as “the region”. Most parts of Iran and many countries in “the region”

have arid climate based on different climate classifications. This investigation is based on

publications listed in the Web of Science (Clarivate), PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar,

CABI, Scientific Information Database (SID), IranMedex and Magiran databases prior

to December 2022. Firstly, principal textbooks on medical and veterinary entomology

(for example Harwood, James, 1979; Lane, Crosskey, 1993; Mullen, Durden, 2019) were

reviewed for information on diseases caused by arboviruses. Secondly, we searched the

aforementioned databases using terms such as “arthropod-borne diseases”, “arboviruses”,

“mosquito-borne viruses” and “moboviruses” to identify the names of viral infections

associated with arthropods. Afterwards, the databases were searched to obtain literature

reporting the occurrence of those diseases in animals and humans in Iran, Central Asia,

the Middle East, southwestern Asia and the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (Harbach,

1988; World Health Organization, 2004). Finally, the searches were conducted using the

keywords “extracted arthropod-borne viral disease names, Iran, Iranian” and “extracted

arthropod-borne virus names, Iran, Iranian”. Also, the searches were conducted with the

names of the countries neighboring Iran and the five additional countries of the WHO

Eastern Mediterranean Region. The names of diseases or infections comprised more than

73 keywords (names or terms) which were mentioned in the search results (Table 1,

Fig. 2). It should be mentioned that there were more than one name or term for some

infections or diseases. The generic names of arthropod-borne and arthropod-related viruses

included Alphavirus, Asfavirus, Avipoxvirus, Bandavirus, Capripoxvirus, Deltaretrovirus,

Ephemerovirus, Flavivirus, Lentivirus, Morbillivirus, Orbivirus, Orthobunyavirus,

Orthohantavirus, Orthonairovirus, Phlebovirus, Thogotovirus, Varicellovirus, Vesiculovirus

and Zamolirhabdovirus. Additionally, references cited in the retrieved publications were

also reviewed to increase the coverage of the literature. Likewise, unpublished documents

such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Arthropod-Borne Virus

Information Exchange (available at https://stacks.cdc.gov) were used to increase the

coverage. With few exceptions, only information obtained from books and peer-reviewed

articles was used to prepare this review. Information about infectious agents (viruses),

distribution (in 31 Iranian provinces) (Fig. 1), reservoirs or hosts (human and animals) and

known vectors in Iran was obtained for each infection. Six mosquito-borne viral infections,

which were recently reviewed by Azari-Hamidian et al. (2019), were mentioned only for

359

distributional records in the region or possible new data in Iran. Maes et al. (2018) was

consulted for the latest classification of arboviruses of the order Bunyavirales. The capital

letter abbreviations used for the names of viruses are based on the “International catalog

of arboviruses including certain other viruses of vertebrates” (available at https://wwwn.

cdc.gov/arbocat/VirusBrowser.aspx). There is one exception: all sandfly-borne phleboviruses

were mentioned in one keyword “Sandfly fever”. Those are abbreviated SFN-SV because

the most common viruses among them are Naples (SFNV) and Sicilian (SFSV) viruses,

and also to distinguish them from Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Also, sheep pox virus (SPV)

and goat pox virus (GPV) were mentioned in one search result. Though they are different

viruses, their clinical diseases are similar. The abbreviations of mosquito and sandfly genera

and subgenera follow Reinert (2009) and Galati et al. (2017), respectively. For the valid

species names of different arthropod taxa, the following references and webpages were

consulted: biting midges (Borkent, Dominiak, 2020), horseflies (Moucha, 1976), mosquitoes

(Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019, 2020; Harbach, 2023), sandflies (Secombe et al., 1993) and

ticks (Gugliemone et al., 2010, 2014; Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019).

Figure 1. Map of Iran and its 31 provinces.

360

Figure 2. Map showing the arthropod-borne and arthropod-related viruses in the countries

included in the present review and the highlighted countries of the World Health Organization

Eastern Mediterranean Region. Abbreviations for viruses: AH = Abu Hammad, AHS = African

horse sickness, AINO = Aino, AKA = Akabane, AMT = Arumowot, ARTS = Artashat,

ASF = African swine fever, BAK = Bakau, BAKU = Baku, BAN = Banzi, BAR = Barur,

BAT = Batai, BEF = Bovine ephemeral fever, BHA = Bhanja, BH = Bovine herpes,

BJ = Barkedji, BKN = Batken, BL = Bovine leukemia, BLU = Bluetongue, CAS = Caspiy,

CCHF = Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, CHIK = Chikungunya, CNU = Chenuda,

DEN = Dengue, DGK = Dera Ghazi Khan, DHO = Dhori, EHD = Epizootic haemorrhagic

disease, EIA = Equine infectious anaemia, FP = Fowl pox, GA = Grand Arbaud, GF = Gabek

Forest, GER = Geran, HAZ = Hazara, HTN = Hantaan, ISF = Isfahan, ISK = Issyk-Kul,

ITM = Israel turkey meningoencephalitis, JE = Japanese encephalitis, KAD = Kadam,

KFD = Kyasanur Forest disease, KSI = Karshi, LI = Louping ill, LSD = Lumpy skin disease,

MAL = Malakal, MWA = Manawa, NRI = Ngari, NSD = Nairobi sheep disease,

OBO = Obodhiang, ONN = O'nyong-nyong, PAL = Palyam, QRF = Quaranfil, RAZ = Razdan,

RF = Royal farm, RP = Rinderpest, RVF = Rift Valley fever, SB = Schmallenberg,

SFN-S = Sandfly fever, SF = Semliki Forest, SIN = Sindbis, SP-GP = Sheep pox-goat pox,

TAH = Tahyna, TBE = Tick-borne encephalitis, TDY = Tamdy, THO = Thogoto, USU = Usutu,

UUK = Uukuniemi, WAN = Wanowrie, WM = Wad Medani, WN = West Nile, YF = Yellow

fever, ZAR = Zahedan rhabdovirus, ZIKA = Zika, ZIR = Zirqa.

361

Infections in Iran caused by arthropod-borne viruses or the viruses

which may be mechanically transmitted by arthropods

Asfaviridae

African swine fever

African swine fever is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) (Asfaviridae:

Asfavirus), the only DNA arbovirus that is pathogenic for animals. There are four antigenic

types and 22 genotypes of ASFV. The disease occurs in Africa, America, Asia and Europe.

Infections occur in Armenia and Azerbaijan. The virus infects all members of the pig

family (Suidae). The disease is transmitted via direct route and also by the bite of soft ticks

of the genus Ornithodoros (Parasitiformes: Argasidae) (Gibbs, 2001; Labuda, Nuttall,

2008; Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Vlasova et al., 2012; Hubálek et al., 2014a; Beltrán-Alcrudo

et al., 2017; Dixon et al., 2019). The principal vectors are O. erraticus (Lucas), species

of the O. moubata (Murray) complex (such as O. moubata and O. porcinus Walton),

O. savignyi (Audouin) and O. sonrai Sautet et Witkowski in Africa, O. erraticus in Europe

and O. coriaceus Koch, O. puertoricensis Fox and O. turicata (Dugès) in the Americas.

Transovarial, transstadial and sexual (venereal) transmission of the virus occur throughout

the life of the ticks (Plowright et al., 1970; Hoogstraal, 1985; Hess et al., 1987; Gibbs, 2001;

Boinas et al., 2004, 2011; de la Fuente et al., 2008; Ravaomanana et al., 2010; Gallardo

et al., 2011; Hubálek et al., 2014a; Beltrán-Alcrudo et al., 2017). There is some evidence

that the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae) may be involved

in mechanical transmission while feeding, or infection is due to ingestion of an infected

fly by the host (Mellor et al., 1987; Baldacchino et al., 2013; Olsen et al., 2018a, b).

The virus has been found in wild boars in East and West Azerbaijan Provinces of Iran

(Rahimi et al., 2010; Beltrán-Alcrudo et al., 2017). At least 11 species of soft ticks,

including four species of Ornithodoros, one being O. erraticus, occur in Iran (Hosseni-

Chegeni et al., 2019; Hosseini-Chegeni, Tavakoli, 2020), however there is no information

about the vector(s) of the virus in the country.

Flaviviridae

Dengue fever

Dengue fever, caused by the dengue fever virus (DENV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus),

was reviewed by Azari-Hamidian et al. (2019). Some published documents which might

be added to the Iranian literature are Baniasadi et al. (2016), Salehi-Vaziri et al. (2016),

Heydari et al. (2018), Tavakoli et al. (2020) and Firooziyan et al. (2022). The virus has

also been found in Afghanistan (Arsenʼeva, 1982; Wallace et al., 2002; Elyan et al., 2014),

Djibouti (World Health Organization, 2004; Andayi et al., 2014; Braak et al., 2018), Kuwait

(Mustafa et al., 2001; Pacsa et al., 2003), Oman (Al-Abri et al., 2015), Pakistan (Hayes,

Burney, 1981; World Health Organization, 2004; Afzal et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2016;

Yaqub et al., 2017; Ahmad et al., 2020), Qatar (Humphrey et al., 2019), Saudi Arabia

366

(World Health Organization, 2004; Khan et al., 2008; Zaki et al., 2008; Memish et al., 2011;

Shibl et al., 2012; Ahmed, 2015), Somalia (Oldfield et al., 1993; World Health Organization,

2004; Braak et al., 2018), Sudan (Watts et al., 1994; World Health Organization, 2004;

Farnon et al., 2010; Braak et al., 2018; Ahmed et al., 2020), Turkey (Ergunay et al., 2011)

and Yemen (World Health Organization, 2004; Shibl et al., 2012; Ciccozzi et al., 2014;

Rezza et al., 2014; Alghazali et al., 2019; Al-Samadi, Ali, 2020; Abdul-Ghani et al., 2021).

There are no recent reports of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) [Stegomyia aegypti] (Diptera:

Culicidae), the main vector, in Iran (Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019). The other important

vector, Ae. albopictus Skuse [Stegomyia albopicta], was recorded just one time in Iran

based on five larvae and six adults found in Sistan and Baluchistan Province (Doosti

et al., 2016). The species has not been recorded since and there is no evidence for

indigenous transmission of DENV in the country.

Japanese encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis, caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) (Flaviviridae:

Flavivirus), is known from Asia and Australia. The virus has been isolated from different

domesticated and wild mammals, such as bats, cattle, dogs, donkeys, monkeys, horses,

pigs, rodents and water buffaloes, and also birds, including chickens, ducks, egrets, herons

and water hens; however, important amplifying hosts in the epidemiology of the disease

seem to be pigs and aquatic birds. The virus has been identified in different mosquito

species of the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Mansonia, however the

most important vector is Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, the rice field mosquito. Vertical

(transovarial) transmission and sexual (venereal) transmission are also known for mosquito

vectors (Barrett, 2001; Hubálek et al., 2014a; Gould et al., 2017). The virus has also

been isolated from the biting midge Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) taiwana Shiraki (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae) (Linley et al., 1983) and the hard ticks Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer)

(Parasitiformes: Ixodidae) and Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus), as reported by Anastos (1957).

Also, Hoogstraal (1966) listed a number of hard tick species of the genera Dermacentor,

Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus which might serve as JEV hosts

in nature. The virus is known in Pakistan and is suspected to be present in Afghanistan

(Arsen'eva, 1982; Darwish et al., 1983a; Igarashi et al., 1994; Wallace et al., 2002; World

Health Organization, 2004; Khan et al., 2016). Also, one febrile patient who entered

China from Bahrain was positive for JEV-specific IgM antibody (Shi et al., 2016).

Japanese encephalitis virus has been isolated from a number of mosquitoes, including

Aedes albopictus, Ae. curtipes (Edwards) [Cancraedes curtipes], Ae. vexans (Meigen)

[Aedimorphus vexans], Anopheles barbirostris van der Wulp, An . sinensis Wiedemann,

An. subpictus Grassi s. l., An. vagus Dönitz, Armigeres obturbans (Walker), Ar. subalbatus

(Coquillett), Culex annulus Theobald, Cx. annulirostris Skuse, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus Giles,

Cx. epidesmus Theobald, Cx. fuscocephala Theobald, Cx. gelidus Theobald, Cx. modestus

Ficalbi, Cx. pipiens Linnaeus, Cx. pseudovishnui Colless, Cx. quinquefasciatus Say,

367

Cx. sitiens Wiedemann, Cx. theileri Theobald, Cx. vishnui Theobald, Cx. whitmorei (Giles),

Mansonia annulifera (Theobald), Ma. bonneae Edwards, Ma. dives (Schiner), Ma. indiana

Edwards and Ma. uniformis (Theobald), according to Simpson et al. (1970, 1974), Peiris

et al. (1994), Reuben et al. (1994), Dhanda et al. (1997), Barrett (2001) and Wang et al.

(2007). According to unpublished data in Iran, the antibodies for the virus have been found

in humans (3.4%) using the neutralization test (the CDC Arthropod-Borne Virus Information

Exchange 1962, available at https://stacks.cdc.gov), however there is no verification or

published documentation about the occurrence of the virus in the country. The main vector,

Culex tritaeniorhynchus, has been found in at least 17 Iranian provinces (Zaim, 1987;

Sofizadeh et al., 2018). The species is very abundant in three northern provinces, Golestan,

Guilan and Mazandaran, with vast rice fields (Azari-Hamidian et al., 2018; Nikookar

et al., 2018; Sofizadeh et al., 2018). Other mosquito species in Iran from which the virus

has been isolated elsewhere include Aedes albopictus, Culex bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens,

Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. sitiens, Cx. theileri and Mansonia uniformis

(Reuben et al., 1994; Barrett, 2001; Wang et al., 2007; Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019, 2020).

Also, the aforementioned hard ticks occur in Iran (Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019).

Tick-borne encephalitis

Tick-borne encephalitis, caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (Flaviviridae:

Flavivirus), has been found in Asia and Europe. TBEV is the most important tick-borne

pathogenic flavivirus in humans. The virus consists of three subtypes, also called clusters,

including the western European subtype (formerly central European encephalitis virus -

CEEV), the Siberian subtype (formerly West Siberian encephalitis virus - WSEV) and

the far-eastern subtype (formerly Russian spring-summer encephalitis virus - RSSEV).

The main reservoirs of the virus are small mammals, such as rodents and insectivores,

and some wild carnivores, such as foxes, however the virus has also been isolated from

chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), dogs, horses and sheep. The main route of transmission

is the bite of hard ticks; however, some local epidemics have been caused by consumption

of unpasteurized milk or milk products. Ixodes ricinus is the main vector in Europe

(the western European subtype) and I. persulcatus Schulze is the main vector in Asia

(the Siberian and the far-eastern subtypes). Transovarial and transstadial transmission have

been observed in both main vectors (Heinz, Holzmann, 2001; de la Fuente et al., 2008;

Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Wójcik-Fatla et al., 2011; Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Valarcher et al.,

2015). According to Anastos (1957), TBEV [as (Russian) spring-summer encephalitis virus]

has been isolated, in addition to Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus, from the following ticks

(in the former USSR): Dermacentor marginatus, D. nuttalli Olenev, D. silvarum Olenev,

Haemaphysalis concinna Koch, H. japonica Warburton, Hyalomma dromedarii Koch,

H. excavatum Koch and Ixodes trianguliceps Birula. Additionally, the virus has been isolated

from Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius) in Germany (Chitimia-Dobler et al., 2019),

368

Poland (Wójcik-Fatla et al., 2011) and Russia (Kislenko et al., 1987), Ixodes hexagonus

Leach in the Czech Republic (Krivanec et al., 1988) and Croatia (Jemeršić et al., 2014),

Haemaphysalis punctata Canstrini et Fanzago in the Czech Republic (Hubálek et al., 1989),

Ixodes ovatus Neumann in Japan (Takeda et al., 1998), Haemaphysalis flava Neumann,

H. japonica, H. longicornis Neumann and I. nipponensis Kitaoka et Saito in South Korea

(Kim et al., 2009; Yun et al., 2012), Hyalomma marginatum Koch in Crimea (Hubálek,

Rudolf, 2012), Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall in the Mediterranean (Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012),

Dermacentor silvarum, Ixodes pavlovskyi Pomerantzev and I. lividus Koch (as I. plumbeus

Leach) in Russia (Mikryukova et al., 2014; Pukhovskaya et al., 2018). Also, TBEV has

been shown experimentally to be vectored by Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis

inermis Birula and Ixodes arboricola Schulze et Schlottke (Lichard, Kozuch, 1967; Nosek

et al., 1972; Nosek, Kožuch, 1985). The virus has also been isolated from fleas, including

Ceratophyllus indages (Rothschild) (synonym: Ceratophyllus tamias Wagner) (Siphonaptera:

Ceratophyllidae), Palaeopsylla soricis (Dale) (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae), gamasid

mites (Federov et al., 1959; Sotnikova, Soldatov, 1964; Naumov, Gutova, 1984),

the horsefly Hybomitra lundbecki Lynborg (Diptera: Tabanidae) (Krinsky, 1976), the poultry

red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) (Sparagano et al.,

2014) and the mosquito Aedes vexans (Pukhovskaya et al., 2018). The virus has been found

in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Turkey and Turkmenistan (Gromashevsky,

Nikimorov, 1973; Heinz, Holzmann, 2001; de la Fuente et al., 2008; Ergunay et al., 2011;

Inci et al., 2013, 2016; Elyan et al., 2014; Failloux et al., 2017; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018;

Im et al., 2020). The disease was recently recorded in Mazandaran Province of northern

Iran using ELISA. Among 448 serum samples, 3.6% were positive (Salehi-Vaziri et al.,

2020). There is no information about the vector(s) in Iran, however Ixodes ricinus,

the main vector, is a prevalent hard tick in northern areas of the country, especially

the Caspian Sea littoral. Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis concinna, H. inermis,

H. punctata, Hyalomma dromedarii, H. excavatum and H. marginatum also occur in Iran

(Rahbari et al., 2007; Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019).

West Nile fever

West Nile fever, caused by West Nile fever virus (WNV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus)

(synonyms or subtypes: Kunjin and Rabensburg viruses), was reviewed for Iran by Azari-

Hamidian et al. (2019) and for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region by Eybpoosh

et al. (2019). Information in the following publications might be added to those reviews:

Shamsizadeh et al. (2015), Shahhosseini, Chinikar (2016), Ziyaeyan et al. (2018), Adham

et al. (2019), Amini et al. (2019), Amini et al. (2020), Dehghani et al. (2020), Shahhosseini

et al. (2020), Bakhshi et al. (2021) and Staji et al. (2021). The virus has also been found in

Afghanistan (Arsenʼeva, 1982; Wallace et al., 2002; Elyan et al., 2014), Armenia (Failloux

et al., 2017), Azerbaijan (Gromashevsky, Nikimorov, 1973; Mirzoeva et al., 1974), Djibouti

369

(Andayi et al., 2014), Iraq (Barakat et al., 2016), Pakistan (Hayes, Burney, 1981; Hayes

et al., 1982; Reisen et al., 1982; Darwish et al., 1983a; Sugamata, 1988; Sugamata et al.,

1988; Igarashi et al., 1994; Bryan et al., 1996; Zohaib et al., 2015; Khan et al., 2016;

Niazi et al., 2017; Yaqub et al., 2017), Qatar (DeCarlo et al., 2017; Dargham et al.,

2021), Saudi Arabia (Al-Ghamdi, 2014; Hemida et al., 2019; Alqahtani, 2020), Somalia

(Henderson et al., 1968; Cahill, 1971; Oldfield et al., 1993), Sudan (Salim, Porterfield,

1973; Watts et al., 1994; McCarthy et al., 1996; Depoortere et al., 2004; Farnon et al.,

2010; Yousof et al., 2018; Ahmed et al., 2020), Syria (Azmi et al., 2017), Turkey (Inci et

al., 2013; Failloux et al., 2017; Düzlü et al., 2020; Yildirim et al., 2021), Turkmenistan

(Atkinson, Hewson, 2018), the United Arab Emirates (Wernery et al., 2007; Alfaresi,

Elkoush, 2008) and Yemen (Qassem, Jaawal, 2014). Three mosquito species are known

vectors of WNV in Iran: Aedes caspius (Pallas) s. l. [Ochlerotatus caspius s. l.] (Bagheri

et al., 2015), Culex pipiens (Shahhosseini et al., 2017) and Cx. theileri (Shahhosseini

et al., 2020). Other species which are known principal vectors in other countries that also

occur in Iran include Aedes albopictus, Coquillettidia richiardii (Ficalbi), Cx. modestus,

Cx. perexiguus Theobald, Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquesfasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and

Mansonia uniformis (see Hubálek et al., 2014a; Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019, 2020).

Hantaviridae

Hantaan infection

Hantaviruses (Hantaviridae: Orthohantavirus), which cause haemorrhagic fever with

renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) or

hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the New World, are distributed worldwide.

The main reservoirs of rural epidemiological pattern are the rodents of the genera Apodemus

and Clethrionomys in Asia and Europe and Microtus and Peromyscus in the Americas,

whereas in urban pattern domestic rodents (Rattus species) are reservoirs and in animal

houses (vivaria) colonized experimental rats are reservoirs. The viruses that cause HFRS in

the Old World include Dobrava (DOBV), Hantaan (HTNV), Puumala (PUUV), Saaremaa

(SAAV) and Seoul (SEOV). Dobrava virus is found primarily in the Balkans. Haantan virus

is widely distributed in eastern Asia, particularly in China, Russia and Korea. Puumala virus

is found in Scandinavia, western Europe and western Russia. Saaremaa is found in central

Europe and Scandinavia. Seoul virus is found worldwide. The virus is usually transmitted

by contamination of wounds by the saliva, urine or faeces of rodents or by rodent bite

(Xu, 2001; Bi et al., 2008; Zowghi et al., 2008; Kassiri, Dehghani, 2020). The virus has

been found in Kuwait (Pacsa et al., 2002, 2003), Sudan (Ibrahim et al., 2017) and Turkey

(Oncul et al., 2011; Gozalan et al., 2013). There is some evidence for transmission of the

virus by the tropical rat mite Ornithonyssus bacoti (Hirst) (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae),

trombiculid mites (Prostigmata: Trombiculidae), such as Eutrombicula splendens (Ewing),

Leptotrombidium scutellare (Nagayo, Miyagawa, Mitamura, Tamiya et Tenjin), L. subpalpale

Vercammen-Grandjean et Langston, an unidentified ixodid tick (Houck et al., 2001; Xu,

370

2001) and the gamasid mites Haemolaelaps glasgowi (Ewing) and Eulaelaps stabularis

(Koch) (Mesostigmata: Haemogamasidae) (Li, 1986). The first verified record of Hantaan

virus in Iran was among street cleaners (4.5%) in Isfahan Province using ELISA and

molecular tests as an EID (Chinikar et al., 2014). Later, positive sera were detected in

10 provinces of the country, East Azerbaijan, Fars, Ilam, Isfahan, Kerman, Mazandaran,

Razavi Khorasan, South Khorasan, Tehran and Yazd, based on the results of ELISA (Salehi-

Vaziri et al., 2019, 2021). Parhizgari et al. (2017) recognized the disease in Iran as an

EID, and it was reviewed by Kassiri and Dehghani (2020). However, the aforementioned

references mentioned that IgG to hantaviruses has been identified in Iran, which are genus-

specific due to the close antigenic relationship of the Old World hantaviruses causing HFRS.

In fact, HFRS is caused by various hantaviruses, not necessarily by Hantaan. The Hantaan

virus itself circulates in the Far East and is unlikely to be detected in Iran. Ornithonyssus

bacoti has been found on various rodents in different areas of Iran (Kamali et al., 2001)

and at least 85 species of the mite family Trombiculidae are known to be present in the

country (Stekolnikov et al., 2019), however there is no information about the possible role

of mites in the transmission of Hantaan virus in Iran.

Herpesviridae

Bovine herpes

Bovine herpes, caused by the bovine herpes virus (BHV) (Herpesviridae: Varicellovirus),

has a worldwide distribution. The virus has been found in different wild and domesticated

ruminants, especially camels, cattle, goats and sheep. The disease generally displays two

clinical syndromes, respiratory and genital. The disease causes significant financial losses

because of a drop in milk production, abortion and deaths in cattle. The virus is mostly

transmitted through respiratory infection and less importantly via genital tract infection

(Wentink et al., 1993; Chatterjee et al., 2016). However, there is some evidence that the

stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans, the face fly Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae)

and the soft tick Ornithodoros coriaceus may be involved in mechanical transmission

(Gibbs et al., 1972, 1973a, b; Taylor et al., 1982; Johnson et al., 1991; Baldacchino et al.,

2013). Bovine herpes virus has been found in Oman (Hedger et al., 1980). The virus has

been detected in bufalloes, camels, cattle, dogs, horses, humans, Indian gazelles and pigs,

using serological and molecular tests, in the following provinces of Iran: Chaharmahal

and Bakhtiari, Fars, Guilan, Hamedan, Isfahan, Kerman, Khorasan, Khuzistan, Kurdistan,

Qazvin, Semnan, Tehran and Zanjan (Afshar, Tadjbakhsh, 1970; Hazrati et al., 1981; Kargar

Moakhar et al., 2001, 2003; Sakhaee et al., 2009; Raoofi et al., 2012a; Sadri, 2012b;

Shirvani et al., 2012; Bahari et al., 2013; Ezzi et al., 2013; Safarpoor Dehkordi et al.,

2013; Nikbakht et al., 2015; Sharifzadeh et al., 2015; Hemmatzadeh et al., 2016; Seyfi

Abad Shapouri et al., 2016; Adeli et al., 2017; Kaveh et al., 2017; Erfani et al., 2019;

Noaman, Nabinejad, 2020; Hashemi et al., 2022). There is no information about possible

transmission of the virus by arthropods in the country.

371

Nairoviridae

Abu Hammad virus

Abu Hammad virus (AHV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus) was first found in the soft

tick Argas hermanni Audouin (Parasitiformes: Argasidae) in Egypt (Converse et al., 1974;

Darwish et al., 1976; Casals, Tignor, 1980; Hoogstraal, 1985; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Kuhn

et al., 2016). It has also been isolated from A. hermanni in Dormian Village of Isfahan

Province in central Iran (Tesh, 1976, personal communication, cited by the CDC Arthropod-

Borne Virus Information Exchange, available at https://stacks.cdc.gov; Hoogstraal, 1985).

Argas hermanni is not mentioned in the most recent checklist of the soft ticks (10

species) in Iran (Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019). Although Hosseni-Chegeni and Tavakoli

(2020) recently recorded the species in Lorestan Province in western Iran, there is no new

information about AHV in Iran.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by CCHF virus (CCHFV)

(Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), occurs in Africa, Asia and Europe and is the most widely

distributed medically important arboviral disease after dengue fever. The disease is the

most significant tick-borne viral disease in humans. The virus has been found in different

wild and domestic animals (birds and mammals). It has been isolated from more than

30 species of hard and soft ticks, however the main vector is Hyalomma marginatum.

CCHFV is biologically transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick (horizontal

transmission) or by direct contact with infected blood, body fluid, tissues and, possibly,

crushed ticks (direct transmission). The virus can be transmitted via different routes in

certain ticks, including transovarial, trans-stadial and sexual (venereal) transmission

(Hoogstraal, 1979, 1981, 1985; Nuttall, 2001; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Chinikar et al., 2010b;

Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Bente et al., 2013; Spengler et al., 2016; Al-Abri et al., 2017;

Contigiani et al., 2017; Blair et al., 2019; Saleem et al., 2020). Also, as reported by

Hoogstraal (1979) and Nuttall (2001), the virus has been isolated from species of Culicoides

(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). CCHFV occurs in Afghanistan (Hoogstraal, 1979; World Health

Organization, 2004), Armenia (Karapetyan et al., 1974; Hoogstraal, 1979; Lvov, 1994;

Failloux et al., 2017; Gevorgyan et al., 2019), Azerbaijan (Gromashevsky, Nikimorov, 1973;

Semashko et al., 1974; Hoogstraal, 1979; Lvov, 1994), Iraq (Al-Tikriti et al., 1981; World

Health Organization, 2004; Abul-Eis et al., 2012), Kuwait (Al-Nakib et al., 1984), Oman

(Scrimgeour et al., 1996, 1999; Williams et al., 2000; Al-Zadjali et al., 2013; Body et al.,

2016; Al-Abri et al., 2019), Pakistan (Begum et al., 1970a, d; Hoogstraal, 1979; Hayes,

Burney, 1981; Darwish et al., 1983b; World Health Organization, 2004; Kasi et al., 2020),

Saudi Arabia (El-Azazy, Scrimgeour, 1997; Hassanein et al., 1997; Memish et al., 2011),

Somalia (Spengler et al., 2016), Sudan (Watts et al., 1994; Aradaib et al., 2011; Elata

et al., 2011; Osman et al., 2013; Ibrahim et al., 2015; Spengler et al., 2016; Suliman et al.,

2017; Ahmed et al., 2020), Syria (Blair et al., 2019), Turkey (Inci et al., 2013, 2016; Düzlü

372

et al., 2020), Tukmenistan (Aristova et al., 1973; Hoogstraal, 1979; Lvov, 1994; Atkinson,

Hewson, 2018), the United Arab Emirates (Suleiman et al., 1980; Baskerville et al., 1981;

Khan et al., 1997; Rodriguez et al., 1997; Schwarz et al., 1997; Al-Dabal et al., 2016;

Aijazi et al., 2020; Camp et al., 2020; Khalafalla et al., 2021) and Yemen (Cecaro et al.,

2013). Historically, Jorjani (Gorgani) (1042-1136 AD), in his monumental book “Treasure

of the Khwarazm Shah” (Zakhireye Kharazmshahi), a Persian medical encyclopedia,

described a hemorrhagic and arthropod caused disease about one thousand years ago that

seemed to be CCHF (Hoogstraal, 1979; Jorjani, 2001). The first scientific reports of clinical

signs of CCHF in humans in Iran date back to the 1960s (Aminol-Achrafi, Noraniyan,

1966a, b). The first records of antibodies to the virus in different domesticated and wild

animals were identified in the early 1970s using the agar gel diffusion precipitation (AGDP)

test (Chumakov et al., 1970; Chumakov, Smirnova, 1972; Saidi et al., 1975). Also, the first

records of CCHFV antibodies in humans were identified in 4% of individuals tested in the

Caspian Sea littoral provinces of Golestan, Guilan and Mazandaran using the

hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test (Saidi, 1974) and 13% of people tested in six

provinces of the country using the AGDP test (Saidi et al., 1975). Phylogenetic analysis

showed that CCHFV in Iran includes at least five genomic variants (Senegalese, Pakistani,

Iraqi, Afghani and Russian) and seven genotypes of six clades or lineages: clades I (Africa

3), III (Africa 1), IV (Asia 1 and 2), V (Europe 1), VI (Europe 2) and a new clade VII

(Iran) (Chinikar et al., 2004, 2013b, 2016a, b; Morovvati et al., 2012; Kayedi et al., 2015;

Al-Abri et al., 2017; Nasirian, 2020). Saidi et al. (1975), using the AGDP test, found

positive antibodies in different domesticated and wild mammals in six provinces, East

Azerbaijan, Golestan, Guilan, Razavi Khorasan, Isfahan and Tehran as follow: 38% of

sheep, 36% of gaots, 18% of cattle and 3% of small mammals such as Myotis blyti,

Nyctalus noctula, Allactaga williamsoni, Mus musculus and Meriones crassus. CCHFV

was also serologically detected in a number of mammals and birds using ELISA, including

goats (46%) and sheep (77.5%) in North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan

Provinces (Bokaie et al., 2008; Chinikar et al., 2012b); in cattle (30%), goats (33.3%) and

sheep (41.9%) in Ardebil Province (Telmadarraiy et al., 2010); in cattle (5.9%) in five

Iranian provinces (Chaharmal and Bakhtiari, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, Sistan and

Baluchistan and South Khorasan) (Lotfollahzadeh et al., 2011); in sheep (15.5%) in East

Azerbaijan Province (Rezazadeh et al., 2012, 2013); in cattle (25%), goats (24.8%) and

sheep (58.7%) in differenet areas of Iran (Mostafavi et al., 2013a); in ostriches (20%) and

sheep (54.2%) in Isfahan Province (Izadi et al., 2007; Mostafavi et al., 2013b); in sheep

(0.8%) in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province (Ghasemian et al., 2021); in sheep (3.7%)

(Mostafavi et al., 2012) and (38.7%) (Faghihi et al., 2015) in Mazandaran Province; in

cattle (9.6%) in Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan Provinces (Lotfollahzade et al.,

2009); and in camels (5.29%) in North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan

Provinces (Champour et al., 2014). In general, infections of CCHFV in humans have been

reported in at least 25 Iranian provinces (out of 31), with the highest rates in Sistan and

373

Baluchistan, Isfahan and Fars Provinces (Chinikar, 2003; Chinikar et al., 2002, 2005, 2008,

2009, 2010a, c; Mostafavi et al., 2013a). Specific documents have been published about

human cases of the disease in different provinces, including Ardebil (Asefi, 1974, 1977;

Adham et al., 2021; Habibzadeh et al., 2021; Abazari et al., 2022), Chaharmahal and

Bakhtiari (Mahzounieh et al., 2012), East Azerbaijan (Aminol-Achrafi, Noraniyan, 1966a,

b; Asefi, 1974; Saidi et al., 1975; Ardoin, Karimi, 1982; Ardalan et al., 2006), Fars (Raoofi

et al., 2012b; Rezaei et al., 2012), Golestan (Saidi, 1974; Saidi et al., 1975; Abbasi, Moradi,

2005); Guilan (Saidi, 1974; Saidi et al., 1975; Asefi, 1977), Hormozgan (Fazlalipour et al.,

2019), Isfahan (Saidi et al., 1975; Chinikar et al., 2012a), Khuzistan (Sharififard et al.,

2016), Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad (Hadinia et al., 2012), Kurdistan (Firouzmanesh et al.,

2017; Shahbazi et al., 2019), Mazandaran (Saidi, 1974; Sadeghi et al., 2013), North

Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan (Saidi et al., 1975; Bokaie et al., 2008;

Ebadiazar et al., 2011; Ziyaei et al., 2011; Chinikar et al., 2013a; Heydari, Movahed

Danesh, 2013; Naderi et al., 2013; Shahhosseini et al., 2018); also co-infections of

brucellosis and CCHF (Hashemian, Ebrahimi, 2010), Qazvin (Nikoonejad, Bijani, 2016),

Qom (Saghafipour et al., 2012a, b; Farzinnia et al., 2013), Semnan (Arab-Ameree,

Mirshafee, 2006), Sistan and Baluchistan (Izadi et al., 2003, 2004, 2006; Alavi-Naini

et al., 2006; Sharifi Mod, Metanat, 2006; Owaysee Oskooei et al., 2008; Sharifi-Mood

et al., 2014; Mostafavi et al., 2017; Nili et al., 2020); also co-infections of malaria and

CCHF (Sharifi-Mood et al., 2011) and Tehran (Saidi et al., 1975). Some 53 to 154 human

cases of CCHF were found in at least 24 provinces of Iran during 2006-2011, with highest

number of cases in Sistan and Baluchistan, Isfahan, Razavi Khorasan, Khuzistan and Fars

Provinces (Ramezankhani, Kaveh, 2014). Blair et al. (2019) reported that the total number

of confirmed human cases of the virus in the country was 1256, with total deaths being

177 during 1999-2017 and cases per year ranging from 18 and 150. At least 47 species

of ticks (11 species of soft ticks and 36 species of hard ticks) occur in Iran (Hosseni-

Chegeni et al., 2019; Hosseini-Chegeni, Tavakoli, 2020). CCHFV has been isolated from

different tick species using RT-PCR in various provinces, including Ardebil (28% of tested

ticks were positive) (Telmadarraiy et al., 2010); East Azerbaijan (5.0%) (Shafei et al.,

2016); Fars (4.5%) (Farhadpour et al., 2015); Golestan (5.3%) (Sedaghat et al., 2017);

Hamedan (16.4%) (Telmadarraiy et al., 2008) (19.3%) (Tahmasebi et al., 2010); Ilam (6.6%)

(Sharifinia et al., 2015); Kermanshah (3.8%) (Mohammadian et al., 2016); Kurdistan (5.6%)

(Fakoorziba et al., 2012); Lorestan (6.7%) (Kayedi et al., 2015); Mazandaran (9.52%)

(Faghihi et al., 2015); Qom (7.9%) (Telmadarraiy et al., 2012); Razavi Khorasan (3.8%)

(Fakoorziba et al., 2015), (5%) (Maghsood et al., 2020); Semnan (4.3%) (Faghihi et al.,

2018); Sistan and Baluchistan (4.3%) (Mehravaran et al., 2013); South Khorasan (15.9%)

(Jafari et al., 2020); West Azerbaijan (8.33%) (Morovvati et al., 2012) and Yazd (5.71%)

(Salim Abadi et al., 2011). The virus was isolated from the following species of ticks:

Alveonasus lahorensis (Neumann), Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis inermis,

H. punctata, Hyalomma anatolicum Koch, H. asiaticum Schulze et Schlottke, H. scupense

374

Schulze (synonym: H. detritum Schulze), H. dromedarii, H. marginatum, H. schulzei

Olenev, Rhipicephalus bursa Canstrini et Fanzago, Rh. sanguineus (Latreille) and

Rh. turanicus Pomerantsev, Matikashvili et Lotosky (Sureau, Klein, 1980; Sureau et al.,

1980; Fakoorziba et al., 2015; Telmadarraiy et al., 2015). Fakoorziba et al. (2015) reported

finding CCHFV in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann collected in Razavi Khorasan

Province, however the record of this Afrotropical species in Iran is doubtful and the species

is not mentioned in the checklist of Iranian ticks (Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019). Among

the ticks from which the virus has been isolated in other countries, the following species

occur in Iran: Argas persicus (Oken), Dermacentor niveus Neumann, Ixodes ricinus,

Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say) and Rh. rossicus Yakimov et Kol-Yakimova (Hoogstraal,

1979; Hoogstraal, Valdez, 1980; Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019). A number of reviews of

CCHF in Iran (Emadi-Kouchak et al., 2003; Chinikar et al., 2010b; Keshtkar-Jahromi et

al., 2013; Keshtkar Jahromi, 2014; Mostafavi et al., 2014; Kouhpayeh, 2019; Mardani,

2019; Kassiri et al., 2020c), including two mata-analyses (Nasirian, 2019, 2020), have been

published.

Orthomyxoviridae

Quaranfil virus

Quaranfil virus (QRFV) (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus) was first isolated from

humans, the soft ticks Argas arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal et Kohls and A. hermanni and

pigeon squabs in Egypt (Taylor et al., 1966b; Mourya et al., 2019). The virus has been

found in several African and Asian countries. It has been isolated from the soft ticks

Argas arboreus, A. reflexus (Fabricius), A. hermanni, A. vulgaris Filippova and the hard

tick Hyalomma dromedarii (Hoogstraal, 1966, 1981, 1985; Taylor et al., 1966b; Williams

et al., 1970; Converse, Moussa, 1982; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Presti et al., 2009). The virus

has been found in Afghanistan, Iraq, Kuwait and Yemen (Williams et al., 1970; Converse,

Moussa, 1982). One isolation of Quaranfil virus was obtained from Argas vulgaris collected

near pigeon and sparrow nests in Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran (Klein et al., 1979;

Sureau, Klein, 1980). Eleven species of soft ticks, including A. hermanni and 36 species

of hard ticks, as well as Hyalomma dromedarii, are listed in the most recent checklist

of Iranian ticks (Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019; Hosseini-Chegeni, Tavakoli, 2020), however

there is no recent verification of Argas vulgaris in the country and it is not listed in

the checklist. Nothing more is known about the virus in Iran.

Thogoto virus

Thogoto virus (THOV) (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus) is known to occur in Africa,

Europe (Italy and Portugal) and Asia (Iran and Japan). The virus infects livestock (camels,

cattle, goats and sheep), migratory birds and occasionally humans. The virus is transmitted

by a number of species of hard ticks of the genera Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma

and Rhipicephalus and can cause abortion in sheep (Haig et al., 1965; Albanese et al.,

1972; Williams et al., 1973; Filipe, Calisher, 1984; Woodall, 2001c; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008;

375

Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Hubálek et al., 2014a; Yoshii et al., 2015). The virus has been

isolated from Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius), Haemaphysalis longicornis, Hyalomma

anatolicum, H. truncatum Koch, Rhipicephalus annulatus, Rh. appendiculatus, Rh. bursa,

Rh. decoloratus Koch, Rh. evertsi Neumann and Rh. sanguineus (see Haig et al., 1965;

Albanese et al., 1972; Williams et al., 1973; Johnson et al., 1980; Filipe, Calisher, 1984;

Jones et al., 1989; Woodall, 2001c; Hubálek et al., 2014a; Yoshii et al., 2015). There is just

one record of Thogoto virus in Iran, which was found in Hyalomma anatolicum collected

from cattle in Razavi Khorasan Province (Sureau, Klein, 1980; Sureau et al., 1980). Among

other ticks from which the virus has been isolated, Rhipicephalus annulatus, Rh. bursa and

Rh. sanguineus occur in Iran (Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019).

Paramyxoviridae

Rinderpest (cattle plague)

Rinderpest (cattle plague), caused by the rinderpest virus (RPV) (Paramyxoviridae:

Morbillivirus), has sometimes been found in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and South

America. The virus affected various mammals, including humans, but especially ruminants,

primilarily buffaloes and cattle. The disease was economically very important. In the 1990s,

Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Turkey, Yemen and some

other African and Asian countries were identified as the last active foci of rinderpest.

Finally, after about 65 years and a global eradication program involving vaccinations and

zoosanitory procedures, the disease was officially declared eradicated in 2011. Rinderpest is

only the second disease to be eradicated and the greatest veterinary achievement of our time

(Njeumi et al., 2012; Roeder et al., 2013). This disease is mentioned here as a historical

example of successful international collaboration and acheivment, and the importance of

a One Health approach. Rinderpest was not considered to be an arbovirus and was mainly

transmitted via direct route, however there was some evidence, natural and experimental,

for its mechanical transmission by horseflies, for example Tabanus orientis Walker (Krinsky,

1976; Foil, 1989). There is no historical information with regard to what the vector of

virus may have been in Iran.

Peribunyaviridae

Akabane virus

Akabane virus (AKAV) (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) has been found in Africa,

Asia and Australia. The virus infects various wild and domesticated mammals, including

buffaloes, camels, cattle, elephants, giraffes, goats, horses, pigs and sheep. Infections in

pregnant cattle, goats or sheep causes a variety of abnormalities in the fetus, principally

arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. Epizootics may cause a significant economical loss.

Infections in adult animals are entirely subclinical. Certain species of Culicoides are the

biological vectors of AKAV. The virus has also been isolated from a number of mosquitoes,

for example Aedes vexans, Anopheles funestus Giles, An. vagus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus

376

and Cx. vishnui; however, they do not biologically transmit the virus and are of lesser

importance as vectors (Oya et al., 1961; Wirth, Hubert, 1989; Mellor et al., 2000; Mellor,

2001c; Bryant et al., 2005; Hubálek et al., 2014a; Kirkland, 2015; Contigiani et al., 2017).

The virus has been found in Iraq (Alsaad et al., 2017; Al-Salihi, Al-Dabhawi, 2019), Oman

(Al-Busaidy, Mellor, 1991b), Saudi Arabia (Abu Elzein et al., 1998b), Sudan (Mohamed

et al., 1996), Syria (Taylor, Mellor, 1994) and Turkey (Taylor, Mellor, 1994; Dagalp

et al., 2021). The main vectors are Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer and C. wadai Kitaoka

in Australia, C. oxystoma Kieffer in Japan, C. imicola Kieffer and C. milnei Austen in

Africa and C. imicola in Oman (St George et al., 1978; Kurogi et al., 1987; Al-Busaidy,

Mellor, 1991b; Mellor, 2001c; Hubálek et al., 2014a). Also, C. nubeculosus (Meigen) and

C. variipennis (Coquillett) have been shown to be capable of experimentally transmitting

the virus (Jennings, Mellor, 1989). Serological tests, such as hemagglutination inhibition

(HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have been used to identify the

virus in Iran: in Charmahal and Bakhtiari Province (15% in goats and 5.88% in sheep)

(Kojouri et al., 2015), Golestan Province (10% in sheep, 80% in cattle) (Ahourai et al.,

1992), Khuzistan Province (39.72% in sheep, 85.87% in cattle) (Ahi et al., 2015; Karami

Boldaji et al., 2016), Semnan Province (23.3% in cattle) (Mohajer et al., 2019) and Tehran

Province (56.52% in cattle) (Dehghan Rahimabadi et al., 2020). There are at least four

genera of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), Atrichopogon (three species), Culicoides

(43 species), Dasyhelea (four species) and Forcipomyia (one species), with at least

51 species in Iran (Navai, 1974; Dominiak, Alwin, 2013; Pilvari et al., 2016), however

there is no information about the vectors of the virus in the country. Among known possible

vectors, Culicoides nubeculosus occurs in Iran (Jennings, Mellor, 1989; Abdigoudarzi,

2016). Two mosquito species, Aedes vexans and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, from which

the virus was first isolated in Japan, also occur in Iran (Oya et al., 1961; Azari-Hamidian

et al., 2019).

Schmallenberg virus

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) occurs in Africa, Asia

and Europe. SBV, as a newly emerging virus, was first detected in Germany (Schmallenberg

City) and the Netherlands in 2011 (Gibbens, 2012; Hoffmann et al., 2012). The virus

RNA or antibodies have been identified in a wide range of wild and domestic ruminants,

including cattle, goats, sheep, buffaloes, camels, chamois, deer, llamas, moufflons and

reindeer, and also non-ruminant species such as dogs, elephants, horses, pigs, wild boars

and zebras. SBV infection is economically very important. Infections in adult cattle,

goats and sheep are mild or subclinical or with clinical signs such as fever, drop in milk

production and diarrhea; however, infections in pregnant cattle, goats or sheep may cause

abortions or serious congenital malformation in offspring, such as arthrogryposis and

hydranencephaly. Infection is not considered a zoonosis. The virus is biologically vectored

by certain species of Culicoides biting midges (Gibbens, 2012; Hoffmann et al., 2012;

377

Nekoei et al., 2015b; Collins et al., 2019; Asadolahizoj et al., 2021). Infections have been

found in Azerbaijan (Zeynalova et al., 2019), Iraq (Al-Barawary, 2018; Al-Baroodi, 2021),

Pakistan (Wernery et al., 2013), Saudi Arabia (Taha et al., 2015), Sudan (Wernery et al.,

2013) and Turkey (Azkur et al., 2013; Yilmaz et al., 2014; Tonbak et al., 2016). SBV

has been isolated from C. chiopterus (Meigen), C. dewulfi Goetghebuer and C. obsoletus

(Meigen) in Belgium (De Regge et al., 2012), from C. chiopterus, C. obsoletus and

C. scoticus Downes et Kettle in the Netherlands (Elbers et al., 2013), from C. obsoletus and

C. punctatus (Meigen) in Poland (Larska et al., 2013), from C. imicola (experimentally)

and C. obsoletus in Spain (Pages et al., 2018) and from C. chiopterus, C. deltus Edwards

(synonym: C. lupicaris Downes et Kettle), C. dewulfi, C. imicola, C. newsteadi Austen,

C. nubeculosus, C. obsoletus, C. pulicaris (Linnaeus) and C. scoticus in France (Segard

et al., 2018). Additionally, the Nearctic C. sonorensis Wirth et Jones has experimentally

been shown to be an efficient vector (Veronesi et al., 2013). Transovarial transmission

is also known for Culicoides vectors (Larska et al., 2013). Rasekh et al. (2018) detected

SBV-specific antibodies in 5% of samples from horses using ELISA in North Khorasan

and Razavi Khorasan Provinces. This was the first time that antibodies against SBV were

detected in horses. However, the results should be verified using virus neutralization tests,

PCR and SBV RNA isolation (Collins et al., 2019). Also, Rasekh et al. (2022) detected

SBV-specific antibodies in 12.45% of samples from cattle using ELISA in Razavi Khorasan,

South Khorasan and Sistan, Baluchistan Provinces. Among known vectors of the virus,

C. nubeculosus, C. pulicaris and C. punctatus occur in Iran (Navai, 1974; Larska

et al., 2013; Abdigoudarzi, 2016; Segard et al., 2018). Although at least 43 species

of Culicoides are found in Iran (Navai, 1974), there is no information about the vector(s)

of Schmallenberg virus in the country.

Tahyna virus

Tahyna virus (TAHV) (Valtice fever) (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) (synonyms:

Lumbo, Trojica) is known to occur in Africa, Asia and Europe (Labuda, 2001; Bennett

et al., 2011). The virus has been found in Armenia (Failloux et al., 2017), Azerbaijan

(Gromashevsky, Nikimorov, 1973; Lvov, 1994), Iraq (Barakat et al., 2016) and Turkey

(Hubálek, 2008). It has been isolated from different domestic and wild mammals, such as

rodents and insectivores, however it seems that the main reservoirs in Europe are hares and

rabbits. Infection causes a non-fatal flu-like illness in humans. Infections in endemic areas,

such as Central Asia, seem to be very frequent based on serological tests. The virus has

been isolated from different mosquito species of the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and

Culiseta. Transovarial transmission has been documented (Labuda, 2001; Hubálek, 2008;

Atkinson, Hewson, 2018). It seems Aedes vexans is the most important vector. Other known

vectors are Ae. cantans (Meigen) [Ochlerotatus cantans], Ae. caspius s. l., Ae. cinereus

Meigen, Ae. communis (De Geer) [Ochlerotatus communis], Ae. excrucians (Walker)

[Ochlerotatus excrucians], Ae. detritus (Haliday) [Ochlerotatus detritus], Ae. flavescens

(Muller) [Ochlerotatus flavescens], Ae. punctor (Kirby) [Ochlerotatus punctor], Ae. sticticus

378

(Meigen) [Ochlerotatus sticticus], Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas), Culex modestus, Cx. pallens

Coquillett, Cx. pipiens and Culiseta annulata (Schrank) (Labuda, 2001; Hubálek, 2008;

Li et al., 2010; Hubalek et al., 2014b; Sonnleitner et al., 2014). According to Hannoun

and Rau (1970), the virus has been experimentally transmitted in chickens by the soft

tick Argas reflexus. Based on unpublished data, antibodies for the virus have been found

in humans in Azerbaijan Province of Iran using the serological test (the CDC Arthropod-

Borne Virus Information Exchange, 1976, available at https://stacks.cdc.gov ), however

there is no verified and published information about the occurrence of the virus in the

country. Among known vectors of the virus, Aedes caspius s. l., Ae. detritus, Ae. flavescens,

Ae. vexans, Anopheles hyrcanus, Culex modestus, Cx. pipiens and Culiseta annulata occur

in Iran (Labuda, 2001; Hubálek, 2008; Li et al., 2010; Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019).

Phenuiviridae

Bhanja virus

Bhanja virus (BHAV) (Phenuiviridae: Phlebovirus) (synonym or subtype: Palma virus)

occurs in Africa, Asia and Europe. Isolation of the virus from mammals is rare, however

serological surveys indicate the highest prevalence of antibodies in domestic mammals, such

as camels, cattle, dogs, goats, horses and sheep, and also antibodies have been detected in

different wild mammals, birds and reptiles (Shah, Work, 1969; Hubálek et al., 1982, 2014a;

Hubálek, 1987; Filipe et al., 1994; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Matsuno

et al., 2013). The virus has been identified in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Somalia and

Turkmenistan (Chunikhin, Karaseva, 1971; Semashko et al., 1973; Matevosyan et al., 1974;

Hubálek et al., 1982, 2014a; Hubálek, 1987; Darwish et al., 1983b; Lvov, 1994; Hubálek,

Rudolf, 2012; Failloux et al., 2017; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018). It has been isolated from

at least 15 species of hard ticks of the genera Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis,

Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus (Shah, Work, 1969; Hoogstraal, Valdez, 1980; Johnson

et al., 1980; Hoogstraal, 1981; Hubálek et al., 1982, 2014a; Hubálek, 1987; Filipe et al.,

1994; Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012). It seems that the only record of BHAV in Iran is based on

a serological survey of 3000 humans and domestic and wild mammls. A “small proportion”

showed antibodies to BHAV (Saidi, 1975). Also, Arata (1975) mentioned the presence

of BHAV in Iran and listed it as a “representative rodent born [sic] disease”. There are

at least 36 species of hard ticks representing five genera (Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis,

Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus) in Iran (Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019), however

there is no more recent information about the virus and its possible vector(s) in the country.

The following 10 species, which are known vectors in other countries, occur in Iran:

Dermacentor marginatus, Haemaphysalis parva (Neumann) (synonym: H. intermedia

Nuttall et Warburton), H. punctata, H. sulcata Canstrini et Fanzago, Hyalomma asiaticum,

H. dromedarii, H. marginatum, H. scupense (synonym: H. detritum), Rhipicephalus

annulatus, Rh. bursa (Hoogstraal, Valdez, 1980; Hubálek et al., 1982, 2014a; Hubálek,

1987; Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019).

379

Rift Valley fever

Rift Valley fever, caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (Phenuiviridae:

Phlebovirus) (synonym: Zinga virus), was reviewed by Azari-Hamidian et al. (2019) and

Kassiri et al. (2020b). Information provided by Fakour et al. (2021) might be added to

those reviews. In addition to Iran, the virus has also been recorded in Djibouti (Andayi et

al., 2014), Iraq (Muhsen, 2012), Saudi Arabia (World Health Organization, 2004; Memish

et al., 2011; Ahmed, 2015; Taha et al., 2015; Kenawy et al., 2018), Somalia (Oldfield

et al., 1993; World Health Organization, 2004; Braak et al., 2018), Sudan (Watts et al.,

1994; McCarthy et al., 1996; Braak et al., 2018; Ahmed et al., 2020), Turkey (Tezcan-Ulger

et al., 2019) and Yemen (World Health Organization, 2004; Kenawy et al., 2018). Among

known principal mosquito vectors, the following species (see Hubálek et al., 2014a and

Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019, 2020) occur in Iran: Aedes caspius s. l., Ae. vexans, Culex

antennatus (Becker), Cx. perexiguus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and

Mansonia uniformis, however there is no evidence for indigenous transmission of the virus

in the country.

Sandfly fever (papatasi fever, Phlebotomus fever, three-day fever)

Sandfly fever, caused by different sandfly-borne phleboviruses (SFN-SV) (Phenuiviridae:

Phlebovirus), which are transmitted in the Old World by species of the genus Phlebotomus

(Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), and probably also the genus Sergentomyia in the

Mediterranean region, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East and Central Asia,

and in the New World by species of the genus Lutzomyia. Different vertebrates including

bats, carnivora, insectivora, rodents and sheep, may serve as hosts in nature. Sandfly

fever caused by most of the sandfly-borne phleboviruses is a self-limiting influenza-like

disease without mortality, however acute meningitis or meningo-encephalitis has been

reported for Toscana virus (TOSV) in several European countries (Adler, Theodor, 1957;

Barnett, Suyemoto, 1961; Ashford, 2001; Depaquit et al., 2010; Ready, 2013; Dehghani

et al., 2021). In addition to Iran, viruses that cause sandfly fever have also been found in

Aghanistan, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Turkey and

Turkmenistan (Tesh et al., 1975, 1976b; Hayes, Burney, 1981; Arsen'eva, 1982; Darwish

et al., 1983b; Tesh, 1989; Gaidamovich et al., 1990a, b; Nikolaev et al., 1991; Lvov,

1994; Watts et al., 1994; Bryan et al., 1996; McCarthy et al., 1996; Wallace et al., 2002;

Riddle et al., 2008; Depaquit et al., 2010; Inci et al., 2013; Andayi et al., 2014; Alkan et

al., 2015; Barakat et al., 2016; Failloux et al., 2017; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018; Ahmed et

al., 2020). The main vector is Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli), the distribution of which

coincides closely with the distribution of the disease. Dashli virus (DASHV), Karimabad

virus (KARV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV), sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) and

Tehran virus (THEV) have been isolated from Ph. papatasi (Tesh et al., 1977; Ashford,

2001; Depaquit et al., 2010; Alkan et al., 2017). Also, SFSV was isolated from Ph. ariasi

Tonnoir in Algeria (Izri et al., 2008). Corfou virus (CFUV), closely related to SFSV, was

380

isolated from Ph. neglectus Tonnoir (as Ph. major Annandale) in Greece (Rodhain et al.,

1985). In Europe, Arbia virus (ARBV), closely related to Salehabad virus (SALV), SFNV

and TOSV were isolated from Ph. perfiliewi Parrot (Ashford, 2001) and Ph. perniciosus

Newstead (Verani et al., 1988; Ashford, 2001). TOSV has been isolated from Sergentomyia

minuta Roundani (Charrel et al., 2006b) and Massilia virus (MASV), closely related to

SFNV, has been isolated from Phlebotomus perniciosus (Charrel et al., 2009). Historically,

the first reports of sandfly fever infection in Iran were by foreign investigators in the

1940s and 1950s (Hertig, Sabin, 1955; Barnett, Suyemoto, 1961; Hyams et al., 1995).

Eight sandfly fever viruses have been found in Iran: DASHV, KARV, SFNV, SALV, SFSV,

THEV, TOSV and sandfly fever Cyprus virus (SFCV). It seems that while Naples and

Sicilian viruses are the most prevalent viruses in most studied areas, Karimabad virus is

most abundant in Isfahan Province, in central Iran, and is also very common in Razavi

Khorasan Province, in northeastern Iran, according to seroepidemiological studies (Saidi,

1974; Tesh et al., 1975, 1976a, b, 1977; Javadian et al., 1977; Saidi et al., 1977; Tesh, 1988,

1989; Mehrabi-Tavana, 1999, 2001; Mehrabi-Tavana et al., 2000; Alkan et al., 2017; Shiraly

et al., 2017). There is doubt about the occurrence of SFCV and TOSV in Iran because

of the rarity of cases and probable cross-reaction between viral serotypes (Shiraly et al.,

2017). Saidi (1974) found seropositive antibodies for KARV in 3% of preschool children

in the Caspian area using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Tesh et al. (1976a, b)

reported positive neutralization tests for humans in different urban and rural areas of seven

Iranian provinces: East Azerbaijan: SFSV (12%), SFNV (26%), KARV (1%); Guilan: SFSV

(12.9%), SFNV (21.5%); Isfahan: SFSV (14.1-20%), SFNV (6.3-10%), KARV (50-75%);

Kermanshah: SFSV (9.4%), SFNV (28.1%); Khorasan: SFSV (4.1-19%), SFNV (4.2-

33.8%), KARV (1.0-31.1%); Khuzistan: SFSV (9.1-34.2%), SFNV (3.0-42.9%), KARV

(0.8%); Tehran: SFSV (10.8-27.4%), SFNV (19.4-36.6%), KARV (5.9-11.8%). Tesh et al.

(1977) isolated SFSV and KARV from Phlebotomus papatasi and possibly Ph. caucasicus

Marzinowsky in Isfahan Province. Saidi et al. (1977) reported positive neutralization tests

in Isfahan Province for humans: SFNV (17.2%), SFSV (25.4%) and KARV (66.4%); for

sheep: SFSV (5.2%) and for the gerbil Rhombomys opimus: SFSV (34.2%) and KARV

(31.6%). Mehrabi-Tavana (2001) reported positive HI tests for SFSV (60%) and SFNV

(46%) in Ilam Province and SFSV (100%) and SFNV (33.3%) in Kermanshah Province

in limited samples. Seroprevalence of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests in humans

in Ilam Province gave positive results for SFSV (10.9%), SFNV (5%), SFCV (1.5%) and

TOSV (1%) (Shiraly et al., 2017). Karimabad virus (KARV) and Salehabad virus (SALV)

were found in Phlebotomus species and Tehran virus (THEV) was found in Phlebotomus

papatasi for the first time in Iran in 1959 (International catalog of arboviruses including

certain other viruses of vertebrates, available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbocat/VirusBrowser.

aspx). Dashli virus (DASHV) was first isolated and described from Sergentomyia species

and Ph. papatasi collected in Dashliboroun of Golestan Provine, in northern Iran (Alkan

et al.,

2017). Additionally, there are many notes, letters and reviews on sandfly fever

381

in Iran (Mehrabi-Tavana, 2007, 2012, 2015, 2017a, b, c, d, e, f; Khoobdel et al., 2008;

Azari-Hamidian et al., 2023). The most recent checklist of Iranian sandflies (Kasiri et

al., 2000) includes 54 species, 31 species of the genus Phlebotomus and 23 species of

the genus Sergentomyia. While at least 62 species of sandflies occur in Iran (Javadian,

Mesghali, 1975; Artemiev, 1978; Secombe et al., 1993; Kasiri et al., 2000; Badakhshan et

al., 2011; Akhoundi et al., 2012; Zahraei-Ramazani et al., 2013, 2015; Norouzi et al., 2020),

the occurrence of some species and the number of species in Iran are controversial, with

44 to 50 species recorded by different investigators, for example Yaghoobi-Ershadi (2012),

Karimi et al. (2014) and Moradi-Asl et al. (2019).

Poxviridae

Avian (fowl) pox

Avian (fowl or poultry) pox, caused by the avian (fowl) pox virus (FPV) (Poxviridae:

Avipoxvirus), was reviewed by Azari-Hamidian et al. (2019). The papers by Ebrahimi et

al. (2012), Khalesi et al. (2019), Sadat Mousavi et al. (2019), Zarifi et al. (2019), Khalili

Gheidariy et al. (2020), Mehrabadi et al. (2020), Alemian et al. (2021), Mirzazadeh et al.

(2021), Zamani et al. (2021) and Ghodsian et al. (2022) might be added to the Iranian

literature pertaining to the virus. The virus has also been found in Bahrain (Samour et al.,

1996), Iraq (Tantawi et al., 1981), Kuwait (Tarello, 2008), Saudi Arabia (Tarello, 2004)

and the United Arab Emirates (Tarello, 2008), and has been isolated from the poultry red

mite Dermanyssus gallinae in Iran (Eram et al., 2020).

Lumpy skin disease

Lumpy skin disease, caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) (Poxviridae:

Capripoxvirus), has been found in Africa, Asia and Europe. The virus infects cattle and

water buffaloes. The infection causes huge economic losses in the livestock industry (Weiss,

1968; Hunter, Wallace, 2001; Tuppurainen, Oura, 2012; Al-Salihi, 2014; Tuppurainen

et al., 2015; Namazi, Khodakaram Tafti, 2021). The disease is known in Azerbaijan,

Bahrain, Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the

United Araba Emirates and Yemen (Kumar, 2011; Tuppurainen, Oura, 2012; Al-Salihi,

2014; Tageldin et al., 2014; Tuppurainen et al., 2015; Inci et al., 2016; Sevik, Dogan,

2017). To date, the main route of transmission of LSDV is mechanical, not biological,

through the bites of haematophagous arthropods, therefore it has not been considered an

arbovirus (Hunter, Wallace, 2001; Chihota et al., 2003; Tuppurainen, Oura, 2012; Al-Salihi,

2014; Sprygin et al., 2019). Recently, evidence was found for the biological transmission

of LSDV by Culicoides punctatus in Turkey (Sevik, Dogan, 2017). Mechanical transmission

of LSDV has been reported for different biting, or even non-biting, arthropods, including the

stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (Weiss, 1968; Baldacchino et al., 2013), the mosquito Aedes

aegypti (Chihota et al., 2001), the hard ticks Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, Rhipicephalus

appendiculatus and Rh. decoloratus (Lubinga et al., 2013a, b, 2014a, b; Tuppurainen

382

et al., 2013a, b), the horn fly Haematobia irritans Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) (Kahana-

Sutin et al., 2017), the house fly Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae) (Sprygin

et al., 2018) and Musca (Biomyia) confiscata Speiser (junior homonym: M. fasciata Stein)

(Diptera: Muscidae) (Weiss, 1968; as Biomyia fasciata). Also, transovarial and transtadial

transmission of the virus in ticks has been reported (Lubinga et al., 2013b, 2014a).

In Iran, the disease has been found in Alborz, East Azerbaijan, Fars, Guilan, Ilam, Kerman,

Kermanshah, Khorasan, Khuzistan, Kurdistan, Mazandaran, Qom and West Azerbaijan

Provinces (Norian et al., 2016; Jalili et al., 2017; Sameea Yousefi et al., 2017, 2018;

Karimpour Somedel et al., 2019; Ghalyanchilangeroudi et al., 2021; Hedayati et al., 2021).

There is no information about the possible role that arthropods may play in transmission

in the country.

Sheep and goat pox

Sheep and goat pox is caused, respectively, by the sheep pox virus (SPV) and the

goat pox virus (GPV) (Poxviridae: Capripoxvirus). While, sheep pox is clinically similar

to goat pox, recent molecular findings have shown that these are two separate viruses.

Most strains are host specific and cause severe clinical disease in either sheep or goats,

while some strains have equal virulence in both of these animals. The disease occurs in

Africa, Asia, Europe and the western USA. The virus infects ruminants (especially cattle,

goats and sheep). The main route of transmission is close contact with infected animals

(Rao, Bandyopadhyay, 2000; World Organisation for Animal Health, 2013; Mirzaei et al.,

2015; Tuppurainen et al., 2015; Yune, Abdela, 2017). The stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans

and the sheep head fly Hydrotaea irritans are assumed to play a role via mechanical

transmission (Kitching, Mellor, 1986; Mellor et al., 1987). Infections have occurred in

Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Iraq, Oman, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey and

Yemen (Hedger et al., 1980; Kitching, Mellor, 1986; Rao, Bandyopadhyay, 2000; World

Organisation for Animal Health, 2013; Mirzaei et al., 2015; Tuppurainen et al., 2015).

A disease control vaccination program has been ongoing for about 70 years in Iran (Rafyi,

Mirchamsy, 1956; Rafyi, Ramyar, 1959; Ramyar et al., 1974; Sadri, Fallahi, 2010; Ghorani,

Esmaeili, 2022). Despite this, some severe outbreaks still occur in the country with high

morbidity and mortality. Sheep pox outbreaks mostly occur in the northwestern, northeastern

and central provinces of Iran, including Azerbaijan, Hormozgan, Kermanshah, Qom, Fars,

Bushehr, Kerman, Khorasan and Yazd Provinces, and goat pox outbreaks mostly occur in

southern provinces, including Fars, Hormozgan, Kerman and Khorasan Provinces (Mirzaei

et al., 2015; Karimpour Somedel et al., 2019). SPV pathology has been studied in Fars

Province (Khoda Karam Tafti, Namdari, 2000). During a study in six Iranian provinces,

including Azerbaijan, Fars, Hormozgan, Kerman, Khorasan and Khuzistan, 20.75% of goats

were positive for GPV (Sadri, 2012c). A high rate of mortality due to a SPV outbreak was

reported in Qom Province (Mirzaei et al., 2015). There is no information about the possible

vector(s) of the viruses in the country.

383

Reoviridae

African horse sickness

African horse sickness is a non-contagious infection caused by African horse sickness

virus (AHSV) (Reoviridae: Orbivirus). Nine distinct serotypes of the virus are known

(Sailleau et al., 2000; Mellor, 2001a; Mellor, Hamblin, 2004). Equids such as horses, mules,

donkeys and zebras are the most important vertebrate hosts. Dogs may occasionally be

infected, however they do not have an important role in the epidemiology of the disease

and are considered dead-end hosts. The disease is not considered a zoonosis. Infections are

widely distributed in Africa south of the Sahara, including Sudan, and are also enzootic in

Yemen, both countries of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (Mellor, 1994, 2001a;

Mellor, Hamblin, 2004; Tkubet et al., 2016; Carpenter et al., 2017; Dennis et al., 2019). The

mortality rates are 50-95, 50, 5-10% for horses, mules and Europran and Asian donkeys,

respectively; however, mortality is rare in African donkeys and zebras (Tkubet et al., 2016).

The disease is rarely seen as far northward as Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Palestine,

Portugal, Spain and Tunisia and eastward to Afghanistan, Cyprus, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan,

Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Turkey (Rafyi, 1961; Hazrati, Taslimi, 1964;

Hazrati, 1967; Mirchamcy, Hazrati, 1973; Hedger et al., 1980; Anderson et al., 1989;

Mellor et al., 1990a; Mellor, 1994, 2001a). AHSV is biologically and exclusively vectored

by certain species of Culicoides (Mellor et al., 2000), athough different haematophagous

arthropods may be implicated in transmission, such as the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti,

Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex pipiens, the hard ticks Hyalomma dromedarii and

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Mellor, 1994) and the horsefly Tabanus pluto Walker (Krinsky,

1976). The only confirmed principal vector is Culicoides imicola, which is present in Africa,

Asia and Europe (Mellor et al., 1990b, 2000; Mellor, 2001a). The species occurs in Bahrain,

Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates (Boorman, 1989), however

it has not been reported in Iran (Navai, 1974). Also, C. bolitinos Meiswinkel is considered

as a secondary vector and the North American C. variipennis has been experimentally

found to be an efficient vector (Mellor et al., 1975, 2000; Mellor, 2001a). Two species,

C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris, may be involved in transmission in Europe (Mellor et al.,

1990b; Mellor, Hamblin, 2004). In summer 1959, infections were found in southern Iran

following the outbreak in the Arabian Peninsula, which rapidly spread throughout the

region, including Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey and

India, over a period of three years (1959-1961). During the outbreak, the region lost more

than 300,000 equines (Rafyi, 1961; Hazrati, Taslimi, 1964; Mirchamsy, Hazrati, 1973). The

virus was isolated from horses (32.5%), mules (40.0%) and donkeys (20.0%) in Iran during

the outbreak (Hazrati, Taslimi, 1964). After the outbreak, scientists in the Razi Institute

of Iran studied the virus and produced a vaccine, as reviewed by Mirchamsy and Hazrati

(1973). There is no recent record of the disease in Iran. At least 43 species of Culicoides

are known to occur in Iran (Navai, 1974); However, there is no information about

384

the possible vector(s) of AHSV in Iran. Among known vectors, C. pulicaris occurs in

the country (Navai, 1974; Mellor, Hamblin, 2004).

Bluetongue

Bluetongue virus (BLUV) (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) causes the disease of bluetongue,

which has a worldwide distribution. Infections have been found in wild and domestic

ruminants, especially sheep. The virus consists of 26, more likely 27, serotypes. The

BLUV serotypes 1-24 are transmitted almost entirely and biologically by certain species

of Culicoides biting midges, however there is not such certainty about the role of these

midges in the transmission of BLUV-25 and BLUV-26 (Afshar et al., 1989; Wirth, Hubert,

1989; Afshar, 1994; Mellor, 2001d; Hubálek et al., 2014a; Maclachlan et al., 2015). Also,

the sheep ked Melophagus ovinus (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) (Gray, Bannister,

1961; Luedke et al., 1965) and a number of mosquitoes, such as Aedes lineatopennis

(Ludlow) [Neomelaniconion lineatopenne], Ae. vigilax (Skuse) [Ochlerotatus vigilax] and

Culex annulirostris, are believed to be possible secondary or mechanical vectors (Weir

et al., 1997; Hubálek et al., 2014a). In addition to biological transmission, BLUV may

be occasionally and directly transmitted via semen and embryo transfer from infected

countries to virus-free regions (Mellor, 2001d). Infections have been found in Aghanistan

(Hassani, Madadgar, 2021), Iraq (Hafez et al., 1978), Kuwait (Maan et al., 2011a, b), Oman

(Hedger et al., 1980; Al-Busaidy, Mellor, 1991a, b), Pakistan (Akhtar et al., 1997), Saudi

Arabia (Hafez, Taylor, 1985; Abu Elzein et al., 1998a; Taha et al., 2015), Sudan (Abu

Elzein, Tageldin, 1985; Abu Elzein, 1986; Mohammad, Taylor, 1987; Mohammad, Mellor,

1990), Syria (Mellor et al., 2008; Hubálek et al., 2014a), Turkey (Gür, 2008; Failloux

et al., 2017) and Yemen (Stanley, 1990). The principal verified vectors are Culicoides

insignis Lutz and species of the C. variipennis complex in the Americas, C. imicola in

Africa and Europe and C. actoni Smith, C. brevitarsis, C. fulvus Sen et Das Gupta and

C. wadai in Australasia and Indonesia (Mohammad, Mellor, 1990; Mellor et al., 2000,

2009). Additionally, the virus has been isolated from C. milnei and C. tororoensis Khamala

et Kettle in Kenya (Walker, Davies, 1971), C. pusillus Lutz in Central America and the

Caribbean (Mo et al., 1994), C. peregrinus Kieffer in Indonesia (Sendow et al., 1996)

and C. dewulfi, C. newsteadi, C. obsoletus, C. pulicaris, C. punctatus and C. scoticus

in Italy (Caracappa et al., 2003; Goffredo et al., 2015; Federici et al., 2019). Afshar and

Kayvanfar (1974) identified precipitating antibodies to BLUV in sera of farm animals

in Iran for the first time. Kargar Moakhar et al. (1988) found the international serotypes

3, 7, 20 and 22 in sheep in different areas of Iran using the agar gel immunodiffusion

(AGID) and microneutralization tests. Serological surveys, using ELISA, found positive

antibodies to BLUV in East Azerbaijan Province (in sheep, 67-76.44%) (Hasanpour

et al., 2008; Imandar et al., 2014), Fars Province (in cattle, 19.77%, in goats, 55.70-85.3%

and in sheep, 70.93-74.4%) (Mohammadi et al., 2012; Oryan et al., 2014; Manavian

et al., 2017; Hashemi et al., 2018), Hamedan Province (in sheep, 46%) (Yavari et al., 2018),

385

Ilam Province (in sheep, 43.88%) (Khezri, Azimi, 2012b), Isfahan Province (in cattle,

2.69%, in goats, 49.19% and in sheep, 53.37%) (Noaman et al., 2008, 2013), Kerman

Province (in camels, 100%, in cattle, 2.13%, in goats, 67.7% and in sheep 6.57%) (Mahdavi

et al., 2006; Mozaffari, Khalili, 2012; Mozaffari et al., 2012, 2014), Khuzistan Province

(in sheep, 55.9%) (Noroozikia et al., 2014), Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province (in sheep,

77.48%) (Sabaghan et al., 2014), Kurdistan Province (in sheep, 19.3-51.85%) (Khanbabaie

et al., 2011; Khezri, 2012; Khezri, Azimi, 2012a, b; Khezri, Bakhshesh, 2014), Razavi

Khorasan Province (in goats, 87.6% and in sheep, 90.0%) (Najarnezhad, Rajae, 2013), West

Azerbaijan Province (in sheep, 34.7-55.9%) (Jafari-Shoorijeh et al., 2010; Sadri, 2012a;

Hasanpour et al., 2014) and Yazd Province (in camels, 67.8%) (Mozaffari et al., 2013).

In a study conducted in eight Iranian provinces, the total prevalence of BLUV antibodies

found in sheep was 34.9%: the provinces included Ardebil (23.7%), East Azerbaijan

(39.8%), Fars (25.3%), Ilam (42.6%), Khuzistan (15%), Kurdistan (41.7%), Qom (12.1%)

and West Azerbaijan (64.8%) (Khezri, Azimi, 2013). In a study in seven provinces, Ardebil,

East Azerbaijan, Fars, Ilam, Khuzistan, Kurdistan and Qom, the infection was investigated

using RT-PCR for the first time in Iran and 10% of total samples were both seropositive and

RT-PCR positive in sheep (Azimi et al., 2009). During another investigation in nine

provinces, Ardebil, East Azerbaijan, Golestan, Isfahan, Markazi, Qazvin, Qom, West

Azerbaijan and Yazd, 66.43% of all samples were serologically positive in sheep (Fallahi

et al., 2013). In an investigation in three provinces of southeastern Iran, Hormozgan,

Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan, the total prevalence of BLUV antibodies was 92.67%

in goats and 48.72% in sheep (Ezatkhah et al., 2014). In a study on wild ruminants in

different areas of Iran, 12% of viral serological tests (ELISA) and 8% of PCR results were

positive for BLUV in mouflon (Ovis orientalis) (Hemmatzadeh et al., 2016). Momtaz et al.

(2011) compared the results of ELISA and RT-PCR for BLUV in sheep in Chaharmahal

and Bakhtiari, Isfahan and Khuzistan Provinces. Another study in Chaharmahal and

Bakhtiari Province indicated a significant relationship between seropositivity and topography

(plains or mountains), sex (male or female) and abortion history (Noaman, Arzani, 2017).

Bakhshesh et al. (2020) studied the large-scale seroprevalence and risk factors associated

with the virus in the country. Khezri and Bakhshesh (2014), Oryan et al. (2014) and

Hassani and Madadgar (2021) reviewed infections in Iran. Among known vectors of

the virus, Culicoides pulicaris and C. punctatus occur in the country (Navai, 1974; Goffredo

et al., 2015; Abdigoudarzi, 2016). Although at least 43 species of Culicoides are known to

be present in Iran (Navai, 1974), there is no information about the vector(s) of bluetongue

virus in the country.

Wad Medani virus

Wad Medani virus (WMV) (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) is distributed in Africa and Asia.

The virus has been found in numerous species of hard ticks of the genera Amblyomma,

Dermacentor, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. Serological tests have identified infections in

cattle, camels, pigs, buffaloes and rodents (Taylor et al., 1966a; Hoogstraal, Valdez, 1980;

386

Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Belaganahalli et al., 2015; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018; Dedkov et al.,

2021). The virus has been found in Armenia, Pakistan, Sudan and Turkmenistan (Taylor

et al., 1966a; Lvov et al., 1967; Begum et al., 1970a, d; Skvortsova et al., 1975; Hayes,

Burney, 1981; Darwish et al., 1983b; Lvov, 1994; Alkhovsky et al., 2014c; Atkinson,

Hewson, 2018). It has been isolated from the following ticks: Amblyomma cajennense

(Fabricius) s. l., Dermacentor nuttalli, Hyalomma anatolicum, H. asiaticum, Rhipicephalus

guilhoni Morel et Vassiliades, Rh. microplus (Canstrini), Rh. sanguineus and Rh. turanicus

(see Taylor et al., 1966a; Lvov et al., 1967; Begum et al., 1970d; Hoogstraal, Valdez, 1980;

Hayes, Burney, 1981; Voltsit, 1982; Alkhovsky et al., 2014c; Yadav et al., 2019; Dedkov

et al., 2021). There is a unique record of Wad Medani virus in Iran, which was found in

Hyalomma anatolicum collected from cattle in Razavi Khorasan Province (Sureau, Klein,

1980; Sureau et al., 1980). Among known vectors, Hyalomma asiaticum, Rhipicephalus

sanguineus and Rh. turanicus occur in Iran (Taylor et al., 1966a; Hayes, Burney, 1981;

Hoogstraal, Valdez, 1980; Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019).

Retroviridae

Bovine leukemia

Bovine leukemia, caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) (Retroviridae:

Deltaretrovirus), occurs worldwide. The virus consists of ten genotypes. The disease

causes economical losses due to reduction in milk production, reproductive performance

and length of life (Polat et al., 2017). The disease is mainly directly transmitted among

cattle, however there is some evidence for mechanical transmission by horseflies (Tabanus

fuscicostatus Hine, T. nigrovittatus Macquart, T. nipponicus Murdoch et Takahasi and

T. trigeminus Coquillett), the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans and the hard tick Rhipicephalus

microplus (Foil, 1989; Foil et al., 1988; Foil, Issel, 1991; Baldacchino et al., 2013).

Infections have been found in Saudi Arabia (Hafez et al., 1990) and Turkey (Burgu

et al., 2005). The disease has been found in cattle in the following provinces of Iran based

on ELISA and PCR tests: Alborz (45%) (Kazemimanesh et al., 2012), Ardebil (9.5%)

(Kazemimanesh et al., 2012), Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (18.4%) (Nekoei et al., 2015a),

East Azerbaijan (50%) (Kazemimanesh et al., 2012), Guilan (100%) (Kazemimanesh

et al., 2012), Isfahan (23.8-81.9%) (Morovati et al., 2012; Nekoei et al., 2015a), Kerman

(15.5%) (Mohammadabadi et al., 2011), Markazi (53.3%) (Kazemimanesh et al., 2012),

North Khorasan (1.5%) (Mousavi et al., 2014), Qom (57%) (Kazemimanesh et al., 2012),

Razavi Khorasan (2.3-29.8%) (Kazemimanesh et al., 2012; Mousavi et al., 2014) and

Tehran (17-88.8%) (Nikbakht Brujeni et al., 2010; Mohammadi et al., 2011; Kazemimanesh

et al., 2012). The virus has also been found in sheep in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province

(2.7%) and Isfahan Province (6.7%) (Nekoei et al., 2015a). Recently, an investigation in

Iran proposed the possible association between the human breast cancer and the BLV

infection in cattle using the nested PCR technique (Khalilian et al., 2019). There is no

information about possible transmission of the virus by arthropods in the country.

387

Equine infectious anaemia (swamp fever)

Equine infectious anaemia, caused by the equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV)

(Retroviridae: Lentivirus), has a worldwide distribution. The disease is the most important

viral infection in horses. Although EIAV is not an arbovirus, it does not replicate in

the vector and is not vectored biologically, haematophagous insects play an important

role in its transmission and the epidemiology of infection (Issel, 2001; Issel, Foil, 2015).

The virus has been found in Oman (Body et al., 2011), Saudi Arabia (Alnaeem, Hemida,

2019), Sudan (Wegdan et al., 2017) and Turkey (Marenzoni et al., 2013). Horseflies, such as

Chrysops flavidus Wiedemann, Hybomitra frontalis (Walker), H. lasiophthalma (Macquart),

Tabanus fuscicostatus and T. sulcifrons Macquart, and the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans

(less important), play an important role in mechanical transmission of the virus to horses,

whereas mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti and Psorophora columbiae (Dyar et Knab), are

linked to subclinical or inapparent infections (Hawkins et al., 1973; Krinsky, 1976; Foil

et al., 1983; Foil, 1989; Foil, Issel, 1991; Green et al., 1996; Issel, 2001; Baldacchino

et al., 2013). In Iran, the disease has been found in the provinces of Ardebil, East

Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Kurdistan and Tehran (Hazrati et al., 1978; Momtaz, Nejat, 2010;

Rezazadeh et al., 2016). There is no information about the possible role of arthropods in

transmission of the virus in Iran.

Rhabdoiviridae

Bovine ephemeral fever

Bovine ephemeral fever, caused by the bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV)

(Rhabdoviridae: Ephemerovirus), was reviewed by Azari-Hamidian et al. (2019). The papers

by Bakhshesh et al. (2018), Pasandideh et al. (2018a, b, c, 2019a, b), Almasi, Bakhshesh

(2019a, b), Mollazadeh et al. (2022) and Rezatofighi et al. (2022) might be added to

the Iranian literature pertaining to the infection. The virus has also been found in

Afghanistan (St George, 1988), Iraq, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,

Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Yemen (St George, 1988; Lvov, 1994; Hubálek et al.,

2014a; Walker, Klement, 2015), as well as Iran (Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019).

Isfahan virus

Isfahan virus (ISFV) (Rhabdoviridae: Vesiculovirus) was isolated from pools of

Phlebotomus papatasi for the first time in Isfahan Province of Iran (Tesh et al., 1977;

Calisher et al., 1989). The virus has also been isolated from humans in the provinces of

Isfahan (66.9%), Khuzistan (5.4%) and Tehran (3.3%), and from the rodents Rhombomys

opimus in Isfahan Province (79%) and Tatera indica in Khuzistan Province (8.6%) using

the neutralization test (Tesh et al., 1977). Additionally, the virus has been isolated from

the mosquito Aedes caspius s. l. and the hard tick Hyalomma asiaticum, see Alkhutova

et al. (1981), Alkhutova, Sadykov (1982), Labuda, Nuttall (2008) and Atkinson, Hewson

(2018). Aedes caspius and Hyalomma asiaticum both occur in Iran (Azari-Hamidian et al.,

388

2019; Hosseni-Chegeni et al., 2019). Some isolations of the virus, or its antibodies, have

been made in Central Asia (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) (Gaidamovich et al.,

1980; Lvov, 1994; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018).

Zahedan rhabdovirus

Zahedan rhabdovirus (ZARV) (Rhabdoviridae: Zamolirhabdovirus) was first recovered

and described from the hard tick Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected in Zahedan in

Sistan and Baluchistan Province, southeastern Iran. The virus is lethal for mice and possibly

pathogenic for other mammals. The mammalian host is not known (Dilcher et al., 2015).

Togaviridae

Chikungunya infection

Chikungunya infections caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (Togaviridae:

Alphavirus) occur widely in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. The virus has been

isolated from different species of monkey, as well as bats and birds. It seems that non-

human primates and humans are the main vertebrate hosts in Africa and Asia, respectively.

The virus has been isolated from different mosquito species of the genera Aedes, Anopheles,

Coquillettidia, Culex and Mansonia, as well as species of soft ticks (Ornithodoros sonrai)

and hard ticks. It is probable that sylvan species of Aedes in Africa, for example Aedes

africanus (Theobald) [Stegomyia africana] and Ae. furcifer (Edwards) [Diceromyia furcifer],

and urban Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Asia are the main vectors (Hoogstraal, 1985;

McCarthy et al., 1996; Diallo et al., 1999; Woodall, 2001a; Nsoesie et al., 2016; Failloux

et al., 2017; Gould et al., 2017; Wahid et al., 2017; Silva et al., 2018; Simo et al., 2019).

The virus may have been isolated from the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius)

(Hemiptera: Cimicidae) (Rao, 1964). Other possible mosquito vectors, which were found

naturally infected or are experimentally assumed to play a role in transmission, include

Aedes calceatus (Edwards) [Stegomyia calceata], Ae. cordellieri (Huang) [Diceromyia

cordellieri], Ae. fulgens (Edwards) [Zavortinkius fulgens], Ae. luteocephalus (Newstead)

[Stegomyia luteocephala], Ae. opok (Corbet et van Someren) [Stegomyia opok], Ae. taylori

(Edwards) [Diceromyia taylori], Ae. vittatus (Bigot) [Fredwardsius vittatus], Coquillettidia

fuscopennata (Theobald), Culex quinquefasciatus, Mansonia africana (Theobald) and

Ma. uniformis (Rao, 1964; Jupp et al., 1981; Jupp, McIntosh, 1990; Diallo et al.,

1999, 2012; Woodall, 2001a; Silva et al., 2018). Chikungunya virus has been found in

Afghanistan, Djibouti, Iraq, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen, and

imported cases have been found in Oman and Turkey (Salim, Porterfield, 1973; Darwish

et al., 1983a; Arsen'eva, 1982; Oldfield et al., 1993; Watts et al., 1994; Wallace et al.,

2002; Farnon et al., 2010; Zayed et al., 2012; Andayi et al., 2014; Ciccozzi et al., 2014;

Malik et al., 2014; Rezza et al., 2014; Afzal et al., 2015; Al-Abri et al., 2015; Barakat

et al., 2016; Wahid et al., 2017; Yaqub et al., 2017; Humphrey et al., 2019; Ahmed et al.,

2020; Sawal et al., 2021). Cases of CHIKV imported from Pakistan were recently found

in Sistan and Baluchistan Province in southeastern Iran (Pouriayevali et al., 2019). More

389

recently, Bakhshi et al. (2020

) detected the virus in Anopheles maculipennis Meigen

s. l. in Mazandaran Province and in A. maculipennis s. l., Culex tritaeniorhynchus and

Culisetta longiareolata (Macquart) in North Khorasan Province using primers designed

for CHIKV Asian genotype, however they failed to isolate the virus and whole genome

sequencing was not performed. Also, Tavakoli et al. (2020) detected CHIKV IgM

seropositivity in 16.07% of samples in eight southern provinces of Iran. Among known

vectors of Chikungunya virus, Aedes albopictus, Ae. vittatus and Mansonia uniformis occur

in Iran (Diallo et al., 1999, 2012; Silva et al., 2018; Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019, 2020),

however there is no information about the indigenous transmission of the virus in the

country.

Semliki forest virus

Semliki forest virus (SFV) (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) (synonym or subtype: Me Tri

virus) occurs mostly in Africa south of the Sahara, but the virus has been found in eastern

Russia and Vietnam and antibodies have been detected in Borneo, India, Indonesia,

Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. It seems that the main reservoirs are domesticated

mammals, such as cattle, horses and pigs. However, the virus has also been isolated

from monkeys, wild birds, rodents and insectivores. Among arthropods, the virus has

been isolated from species of the mosquito genera Aedes, Culex and Eretmapodites and

the hard tick Rhipicephalus guilhoni (Ha et al., 1995; Pfeffer, 2001; Tan et al., 2008;

Hubálek et al., 2014a). The virus was first isolated from Aedes abnormalis (Theobald)

[Aedimorphus abnormalis], but it seems the main vector in Africa is Ae. africanus. It has

been detected in Ae. vexans and Culex pipiens in eastern Russia and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus

in Vietnam, and has been found in many species in Africa, including Aedes aegypti,

Ae. argenteopunctatus (Theobald) [Catageiomyia argenteopunctata], Ae. fuscinervis

(Edwards) [Neomelaniconion fuscinerve], Ae. jamoti (Hamon et Rickenbach)

[Neomelaniconion jamoti], Ae. opok, Ae. palpalis (Newstead) [Neomelaniconion palpale],

Ae. punctocostalis (Theobald) [Neomelaniconion punctocostale], Ae. togoi (Theobald)

[Tanakaius togoi], Ae. vittatus, Eretmapodites chrysogaster Graham, Er. grahami Edwards,

Culex quinquefasciatus and Mansonia africana (Lee et al., 1974; Gaidamovich et al., 1975;

Ha et al., 1995; Pfeffer, 2001; Hubálek et al., 2014a). According to unpublished data in

Iran, antibodies for the virus were found in humans (3%) using the neutralization test

(the CDC Arthropod-Borne Virus Information Exchange, 1962, available at https://stacks.

cdc.gov). Among known vectors of the virus, Aedes vexans, Ae. vittatus, Culex pipiens,

Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus occur in Iran (Pfeffer, 2001; Hubálek et al.,

2014a; Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019). There is no recently verified and published information

about the occurrence of the virus in the country.

Sindbis fever

Sindbis fever, caused by Sindbis fever virus (SINV) (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) [synonyms

or subtypes: Babanki, Karelian, Kyzylagach (KYZV), Ockelbo, Pogosta and Whataroa],

390

was reviewed by Azari-Hamidian et al. (2019). In addition to Iran, the virus has also been

found in Afghanistan (Arsenʼeva, 1982; Wallace et al., 2002), Armenia (Failloux et al.,

2017), Azerbaijan (Lvov, 1994; Lundström, Pfeffer, 2010; Storm et al., 2013; Alkhovsky

et al., 2014d), Iraq (Riddle et al., 2008; Barakat et al., 2016), Oman (Camp et al., 2019),

Pakistan (Darwish et al., 1983a), Saudi Arabia (Wills et al., 1985; Al-Khalifa et al., 2007;

Lundström, Pfeffer, 2010; Storm et al., 2013), Somalia (Oldfield et al., 1993), Sudan

(Hoogstraal, 1966; Farnon et al., 2010), Turkey (Hubálek et al., 2014a) and Turkmenistan

(Atkinson, Hewson, 2018). Recently, Hanafi-Bojd et al. (2021) detected Sindbis fever virus

in the pools of Culex pipiens and Cx. theileri in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Bakhshi

et al. (2022) reviewed the virus in Iran and adjacent countries. Principal vectors of the

virus in other countries that also occur in Iran include Cx. torrentium Martini and Culiseta

morsitans (Theobald) (Hubálek et al., 2014a; Azari-Hamidian et al., 2019).

Unclassified virus

Wanowrie virus

Wanowrie virus (WANV) (unclassified) was first isolated from Hyalomma marginatum

in India (Dandawate et al., 1970; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008). The virus was later found

in Hyalomma impeltatum Schulzae et Schlottke collected from camels in Egypt (Williams

et al., 1973) and identified in the brain of a human in Sri Lanka who died from an

infection (Pavri et al., 1976). Antibodies against WANV have been detected in sera of

domestic abunaks and humans in Pakistan (Darwish et al., 1983b). There is just one record

of Wanorie virus in Iran, isolated from Hyalomma asiaticum collected from goats in Razavi

Khorasan Province (Sureau, Klein, 1980; Sureau et al., 1980). Two other ticks from which

the virus has been isolated, H. impeltatum and H. marginatum, also occur in Iran (Hosseni-

Chegeni et al., 2019).

Other viruses in the countries neighboring Iran

There are other diseases and infections caused by arboviruses or viruses which may

be mechanically transmitted by arthropods in the countries neighboring Iran and in

the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region that need to be considered. Although these viruses

have not been formally reported in Iran, their eventual occurrence in the country is very

possible, especially in view of tourism, immigration and the presence and/or importation

of possible vectors, hosts, reservoirs and migratory birds. The names of infections, viruses

and country records are as follow:

Flaviviridae

Banzi virus (BANV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by mosquitoes, known

in Somalia (Henderson et al., 1968; Cahill, 1971).

Barkedji virus (BJV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by mosquitoes, known

in Oman and the United Arab Emirates (Camp et al., 2019).

391

Israel turkey meningoencephalitis virus (ITMV) [synonym or subtype: Bagaza virus

(BAGV)] (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by mosquitoes and possibly biting midges,

known in the United Arab Emirates (Hubálek et al., 2014a; Camp et al., 2019).

Kadam virus (KADV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by ticks, known in Saudi

Arabia (Wood et al., 1982; Al-Khalifa et al., 2007; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008).

Karshi virus (KSIV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Turkmenistan (Hoogstraal, 1985; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018).

Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) [synonyms or subtypes:

Alkhurma virus, Aka Alkhumra virus or Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (ALKV or

AHFV)], transmitted by ticks and possibly mosquitoes, known in Djibouti, Saudi Arabia

and Turkey (Hoogstraal, 1985; Zaki, 1997; Charrel et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007; Madani, 2005;

Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Alzahrani et al., 2010; Carletti et al., 2010; Memish et al., 2010,

2011; Mahdi et al., 2011; Shibl et al., 2012; Ahmed, 2015; Horton et al., 2016; Atkinson,

Hewson, 2018; Hoffman et al., 2018; Shah et al., 2018).

Louping ill virus (LIV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) (synonym: Negishi virus) (Hubálek

et al., 2014a), transmitted by ticks, known in Turkey [as LI-like virus or Turkish sheep

encephalomyelitis virus (TSEV)] (Hartley et al., 1969; Gao et al., 1997; Gould, 2001;

de la Fuente et al., 2008; Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Inci et al., 2016; Düzlü et al., 2020).

Royal farm virus (RFV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Afganistan and Pakistan (Williams et al., 1972; Darwish et al., 1983a; Hoogstraal, 1985;

Labuda, Nuttall, 2008).

Usutu virus (USUV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by mosquitoes, known

in Iraq (Barakat et al., 2016).

Yellow fever virus (YFV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by mosquitoes, known

in Somalia and Sudan (Henderson et al., 1968; Cahill, 1971; Salim, Porterfield, 1973;

Oldfield et al., 1993; Watts et al., 1994; Monath, 2001; World Health Organization, 2004;

Farnon et al., 2010; Gould et al., 2017; Braak et al., 2018; Ahmed et al., 2020).

Zika virus (ZIKAV) (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus), transmitted by mosquitoes, known

in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan and Turkey (Henderson et al., 1968; Cahill,

1971; Darwish et al., 1983a; Tomori, 2001; Evans et al., 2017; Kindhauser et al., 2016;

Benelli, Romano, 2017; Dehghani, Amiri, 2017; Epelboin et al., 2017; Gould et al., 2017;

Alayed et al., 2018; Sezen et al., 2018; Tavakoli et al., 2018; Noorbakhsh et al., 2019;

Ahmed et al., 2020; Nikookar et al., 2020; Kassiri et al., 2020a; Saleem et al., 2022).

Nairoviridae

Artashat virus (ARTSV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Armenia and Azerbaijan (Hoogstraal, 1985; Lvov, 1994; Alkhovsky et al., 2014b, 2017).

Caspiy virus (CASV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (Hoogstraal, 1985; Lvov, 1994; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008;

Lvov et al., 2014a; Alkhovsky et al., 2017).

392

Dera Ghazi Khan virus (DGKV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), transmitted by ticks,

known in Pakistan (Begum et al., 1970a, c; Hayes, Burney, 1981; Darwish et al., 1983b;

Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Kuhn et al., 2016).

Geran virus (GERV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Azerbaijan (Lvov et al., 2014c; Alkhovsky et al., 2017).

Hazara virus (HAZV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Pakistan (Begum et al., 1970a, b; Hayes, Burney, 1981; Darwish et al., 1983b; Labuda,

Nuttall, 2008; Hartlaub et al., 2020).

Issyk-Kul virus (ISKV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), transmitted by ticks and

mosquitoes, known in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan (Lvov, 1994; Gavrilovskaya, 2001;

de la Fuente et al., 2008; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Atkinson et al., 2015; Atkinson, Hewson,

2018). Gavrilovskaya (2001) noted the possible occurrence of this virus in Iran, Afghanistan

and Pakistan.

Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus) [synonym or

Indian subtype: Ganjam virus (GANV)], transmitted by ticks, known in Africa (including

Somalia) and Asia (India and Sri Lanka) (Johnson et al., 1980; Davis, 1997; Peiris, 2001;

de la Fuente et al., 2008; Hubálek et al., 2014a). Hoogstraal and Valdez (1980) considered

the virus as “a prime candidate for investigation in Iran”.

Tamdy virus (TDYV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Turkmenistan (Lvov, 1994; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008;

Lvov et al., 2014b; Failloux et al., 2017; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018).

Zirqa virus (ZIRV) (Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus), transmitted by ticks, known on

Zirqa Island in the Persian Gulf (the United Arab Emirates) (Hoogstraal et al., 1970;

Varma et al., 1973; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Kuhn et al., 2016). The name of the virus was

misspelled as Zirga in the original paper (Varma et al., 1973).

Orthomyxoviridae

Batken virus (BKNV) (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus), transmitted by mosquitoes

and ticks, known in Azerbaijan (Lvov et al., 1974; Lvov, 1994; Hoogstraal, Valdez, 1980;

Frese et al., 1997; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Alkhovsky et al., 2014a). Hoogstraal and Valdez

(1980) considered this virus as “a candidate for investigation in Iranian sheep and goats”.

Dhori virus (DHOV) (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus), transmitted by ticks, known in

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia (Williams et al., 1973; Semashko et al.,

1974; Hoogstraal, Valdez, 1980; Darwish et al., 1983b; Jones et al., 1989; Al-Khalifa

et al., 2007; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Failloux et al., 2017).

Peribunyaviridae

Aino virus (AINOV) (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) (synonyms: Kaikalur and

Samford viruses), transmitted by biting midges and mosquitoes, known in Turkey (Mellor,

2001b; Hubálek et al., 2014a; Contigiani et al., 2017).

393

Bakau virus (BAKV) (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus), transmitted by mosquitoes

and ticks, known in Pakistan (Hayes, Burney, 1981; Darwish et al., 1983b; Hoogstraal,

1985).

Batai virus (BATV) (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) (synonyms: Calovo, Chitoor,

Olkya, Olyka and UgMP-6830), transmitted by mosquitoes, known in Armenia and Sudan

(Nashed et al., 1993; Failloux et al., 2017).

Ngari virus (NRIV) (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) (synonym: Garissa virus),

transmitted by mosquitoes, known in Somalia and Sudan (Bowen et al., 2001; Braak

et al., 2018).

Phenuiviridae

Arumowot virus (AMTV) (Phenuiviridae: Phlebovirus), transmitted by mosquitoes,

known in Somalia and Sudan (Tesh, 1988; Braak et al., 2018; Ahmed et al., 2020).

Gabek Forest virus (GFV) (Phenuiviridae: Phlebovirus), transmitted by sandflies, known

in Sudan (Tesh et al., 1976b; Tesh, 1988).

Grand Arbaud virus (GAV) (strain Art 363) (Phenuiviridae: Phlebovirus), transmitted

by ticks, known in Afghanistan (Hannoun, Rau, 1970; Williams et al., 1972; Hoogstraal,

1985; Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012; Palacios et al., 2013).

Manawa virus (MWAV) (Phenuiviridae: Phlebovirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Pakistan (Hayes, Burney, 1981; Darwish et al., 1983b; Hoogstraal, 1985; Labuda, Nuttall,

2008).

Razdan virus (RAZV) (Phenuiviridae: Bandavirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Armenia (Lvov, 1994; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Alkhovsky et al., 2013).

Uukuniemi virus (UUKV) (Phenuiviridae: Phlebovirus), transmitted by mosquitoes

and ticks, known in Azerbaijan (Gromashevsky, Nikimorov, 1973; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008;

Hubálek, Rudolf, 2012).

Reoviridae

Baku virus (BAKUV) (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), transmitted by ticks, known in Azerbaijan

and Turkmenistan (Lvov et al., 1971; Andreev et al., 1973; Gromashevsky, Nikimorov,

1973; Lvov, 1994; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018).

Chenuda virus (CNUV) (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Turkmenistan (Taylor et al., 1966b; Hoogstraal, 1985; Lvov, 1994; Belaganahalli et al.,

2015; Atkinson, Hewson, 2018).

Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), transmitted

by biting midges and possibly mosquitoes, known in Bahrain, Oman, Sudan and Turkey

(Al-Busaidy, Mellor, 1991a; Mellor et al., 2000; Mellor, 2001e; Temizel et al., 2009;

Wernery et al., 2013; Hubálek et al., 2014a).

Palyam virus (PALV) (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), transmitted by mosquitoes, known

in Sudan (Mohammad, Mellor, 1990; Mellor et al., 2000).

394

Rhabdoviridae

Barur virus (BARV) (Rhabdoviridae: Vesiculovirus), transmitted by ticks, known

in Somalia (Butenko et al., 1981; Labuda, Nuttall, 2008).

Malakal (MALV) (Rhabdoviridae: Ephemerovirus), transmitted by mosquitoes, known

in Sudan (Calisher et al., 1989; Blasdell et al., 2012b).

Obodhiang virus (OBOV) (Rhabdoviridae: Ephemerovirus), transmitted by mosquitoes,

known in Sudan (Calisher et al., 1989; Blasdell et al., 2012a).

Togaviridae

O'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) (Togaviridae: Alphavirus), transmitted by mosquitoes,

known in Sudan (Salim, Porterfield, 1973; Woodall, 2001b; Ahmed et al., 2020).

Disscusion

The viruses which are associated with arthropods may be arranged in four ecological

groups: (1) Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), (2) arthropod-transmitted animal viruses,

(3) arthropod viruses and (4) arthropod-transmitted plant viruses. The first two groups

include the viruses of medical and/or veterinary importance (Turell, 2019). Arboviruses

are the viruses which are biologically transmitted from one vertebrate host to another via

the bite of haematophagous arthropods, including biting midges, mosquitoes, sandflies or

ticks. These viruses replicate in both arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Thus, the

viruses which are not transmitted by bite or merely mechanically transmitted by bite are

not among (true) arboviruses. The term “arbovirus” has no taxonomic importance, it is

a vernacular term that signifies a virus transmitted by an arthropod. Nearly all arboviral

infections are zoonotic (World Health Organization, 1967; Hart, 2001; Turell, 2019).

The World Health Organization (1967) provided nine criteria for considering a virus as

an arbovirus (five relating to the transmission cycle and four unrelated to the transmission

cycle). It seems that, based on the aforementioned definition of an arbovirus and the

nine criteria, different viruses may be grouped into four categories: (1) True arboviruses,

(2) probable arboviruses, (3) possible arboviruses and (4) most probably or definitely

not true arboviruses (World Health Organization, 1967; Hart, 2001). The World Health

Organization (1967) also mentioned four criteria for the recognition of a vector of an

arbovirus and classified them as suspected, probable and confirmed vectors based on those

criteria. Arboviruses are generally divided into two groups based on their pathogenicity

to humans: (1) Arthropod-borne viruses pathogenic to humans and (2) arboviruses not

pathogenic to humans (Hubálek, 2008).

Arthropod-transmitted animal viruses do not replicate in the arthropod vectors but do

so in vertebrate hosts and are mechanically transmitted (Turell, 2019). There are a few

important viral infections which arthropods mechanically play an important role in their

transmission and epidemiology, such as equine infectious anaemia, caused by the equine

infectious anaemia virus vectored by horseflies, stable flies and mosquitoes (Foil, Issel,

395

1991; Issel, Foil, 2015), lumpy skin disease, caused by the poxvirus lumpy skin disease

virus transmitted by stable flies, mosquitoes, ticks and Culicoides biting midges (Chihota

et al., 2003; Sprygin et al., 2019) and myxomatosis, caused by the Myxoma virus

(Poxviridae: Leporipoxvirus) transmitted by mosquitoes, fleas and horseflies (Jellison, 1959;

Krinsky, 1976; Fenner, 2001; Brugman et al., 2015).

Arthropod viruses replicate only in arthropods. They cannot cause disease

in vertebrates because they do not replicate in vertebrates, though they may be pathogenic

to the infected arthropod (Turell, 2019). These viruses are isolated only from arthropods,

including mosquito-only (mosquito-specific) flaviviruses (Cella et al., 2019) or those that

are pathogenic only to arthropods (Tinsley, 1979; Beckage et al., 1993). However, there

is no evidence for whether they are pathogenic to humans or domesticated animals and

biologically or mechanically transmitted to vertebrate hosts. Thus, they are not arboviruses

and are not of medical and veterinary significance, however they are important in view

of being a potential agent for biological control (Tinsley, 1979; Beckage et al., 1993)

or because of their impact on the biology of infected arthropods such as flight activity

or reproductivity, and their impact on the circulation of their related vector-borne pathogens

(Goenaga et al., 2015; Cella et al., 2019).

Finally, arthropod-transmitted plant viruses can be transmitted mechanically

or biologically to plants by some arthropods, including certain species of aphids,

leafhoppers, plant bugs and plant mites (Turell, 2019).

With the exception of one unclassified virus, the viruses treated in the present review are

members of 19 genera belonging to 14 families. The taxonomic placements of the viruses

are as follow. (1) Asfaviridae: Asfavirus - ASFV; (2) Flaviviridae: Flavivirus - BANV, BJV,

DENV, ITMV, JEV, KADV, KFDV, KSIV, LIV, RFV, TBEV, USUV, WNV, YFV, ZIKAV;

(3) Hantaviridae: Orthohantavirus - HTNV; (4) Herpesviridae: Varicellovirus - BHV; (5)

Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus - AHV, ARTSV, CASV, CCHFV, DGKV, GERV, HAZV,

ISKV, NSDV, TDYN, ZIRV; (6) Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus - BKNV, DHOV, QRFV,

THOV; (7) Paramyxoviridae: Morbillivirus - RPV; (8) Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus -

AINOV, AKAV, BAKV, BATV, NRIV, TAHV, SBV; (9) Phenuiviridae: Bandavirus - RAZV,

Phlebovirus - AMTV, BHAV, GAV, GFV, MWAV, RVFV, SFN-SV, UUKV; (10) Poxviridae:

Avipoxvirus - FPV, Capripoxvirus - LSDV, GPV, SPV; (11) Reoviridae: Orbivirus - AHSV,

BAKUV, BLUV, CNUV, EHDV, WMWV, PALV; (12) Retroviridae: Deltaretrovirus -

BLV, Lentivirus - EIAV; (13) Rhabdoviridae: Ephemerovirus - BEFV, MALV, OBOV,

Vesiculovirus - BARV, ISFV, Zamolirhabdovirus - ZARV; (14) Togaviridae: Alphavirus -

CHIKV, ONNV, SFV, SINV; unclassified virus: WANV.

In addition to various nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as fever, main clinical

syndromes associated with the arboviruses treated herein that are pathogenic to humans and

animals include: (1) Neurological maladies (meningitis, encephalitis, encephalomyelitis):

BHAV, JEV, SINV, TBEV, WNV (Hubálek et al., 2014a), (2) hemorrhagic disease: AHSV,

ASFV, CCHFV, DENV, RVFV (Hubálek et al., 2014a), (3) abortion and congenital disorders

396

such as arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly: AKAV, SBV (Hubálek et al., 2014a; Collins

et al., 2019; Asadolahizoj et al., 2021), (4) vesicular stomatitis: ISFV (Atkinson, Hewson,

2018) and (5) microcephaly: ZIKAV (Kassiri et al., 2020a).

The viral infections treated in the present review may be classified into four categories

based on their main vectors: (1) Biting midge-borne - AHSV, AKAV, BLUV, SBV, (2)

mosquito-borne - AMTV, BANV, BATV, BJV, CHIKV, DENV, JEV, MALV, NRIV, OBOV,

ONNV, PALV, RVFV, SFV, SINV, TAHV, USUV, WNV, YFV, ZIKAV, (3) sandfly-borne -

GFV, ISFV, SFS-NV and (4) tick-borne - AHV, ASFV, ARTSV, BAKUV, BARV, BHAV,

CCHFV, CASV, CNUV, DGKV, DHOV, GAV, GERV, HAZV, KADV, KSIV, LIV,

MWAV, NSDV, QRFV, RAZV, RFV, TDYV, THOV, TBEV, WMV, WANV, ZARV, ZIRV.

It is noteworthy that some other arthropods are involved or assumed to be involved in

the transmission of some viruses, including blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) - RVFV

(Bouloy, 2001), fleas - FPV, TBE (Federov et al., 1959; Sotnikova, Soldatov, 1964; Naumov,

Gutova, 1984; Della-Porta, 2001), horseflies - AHSV, BLV, EIAV, RPV, TBE (Krinsky,

1976; Foil, 1989), mites - FPV, HTNV, TBE (Naumov, Gutova, 1984; Della-Porta, 2001;

Houck et al., 2001; Xu, 2001; Sparagano et al., 2014), sheep head fly (Hydrotaea irritans)

- GPV, SPV (Kitching, Mellor, 1986), horn fly (Haematobia irritans) - LSDV (Kahana-

Sutin et al., 2017), face fly (Musca autumnalis) - BHV (Johnson et al., 1991) , house fly

(Musca domestica) - LSDV (Sprygin et al., 2018), sheep ked (Melophagus ovinus) - BLUV

(Gray, Bannister, 1961; Luedke et al., 1965), Musca (Biomyia) confiscata - LSDV (Weiss,

1968), stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) - ASFV, BHV, BLV, EIAV, FPV, LSDV, GPV, SPV

(Kitching, Mellor, 1986; Mellor et al., 1987; Della-Porta, 2001; Baldacchino et al., 2013)

and tropical bed bug (Cimex hemipterus) - CHIKV (Rao, 1964).

The role of arthropods in the transmission of different viruses and the epidemiology

of their infections is very disportionate and complicated, summarized as follows: (1) Some

arboviruses are mostly and biologically transmitted by certain arthropods. Other ways

of infection (generally defined as direct route or transmission) such as direct contact with

an infected person (or animal), contact with infected blood, body fluid and tissues, or via

the respiratory route and alimentary tract, do not have an important role in the epidemiology

of infection or their roles are uncertain. AHS is an example of these types of infections

(Mellor, 2001a). (2) While some arboviruses are mostly and biologically transmitted by

certain arthropods, other ways of direct transmission are also important in the epidemiology

of infection in animals or transmission to humans, such as CCHF (Saleem et al., 2020).

(3) There are a few arboviruses which are biologically transmitted by arthropods, but

it seems that the direct route of transmission is more significant in the epidemiology of the

disease, such as ASF (Beltrán-Alcrudo et al., 2017). (4) Exceptionally, some arthropods

mechanically have an important role in the transmission and epidemiology of a few viruses,

such as horseflies, mosquitoes and fleas in relation to myxomatosis (Krinsky, 1976; Bibikova,

1977), stable flies, mosquitoes, ticks and Culicoides biting midges in the case of lumpy

skin disease (Tuppurainen et al., 2015) and horseflies and the stable fly in EIAV infection

397

(Issel, 2001). (5) There are some viruses for which their major transmission route is direct.

Certain arthropods may be mechanically involved in transmission, although their role in

the epidemiology of disease is not important or uncertain such as horseflies in relation to

foot and mouth disease virus (Picornaviridae: Aphtovirus) and rinderpest virus (Krinsky,

1976). It is noteworthy that the late Professor M.P. Chumakov (1909-1993), a famous

Russian virologist, placed more emphasis on other possible ways of transmission (direct

route), even for well-defined and biologically transmitted viral infections (true arboviruses)

(World Health Organization, 1967), which shows the complex and complicated epidemiology

of viral (arboviral) infections. Moreover, the interrupted blood feeding of haematophagous

arthropods and their potential role in the mechanical transmission of infections should not

be neglected, even for the diseases caused by viruses for which biological transmission

is well and undoubtedly defined. That may explain some of the explosive outbreaks of

arboviral infections among vertebrate hosts that occur in just a few weeks (World Health

Organization, 1967). Finally, the role of each of the aforementioned factors (biological

or mechanical transmission via arthropods and/or direct route) associated with every disease

may be different in various foci; thus, the epidemiology of every infection and the role

of possible vectors should be extensively investigated in each focus. In view of the lack

of a specific vaccine or treatment for many viral infections, this basic knowledge will foster

better decisions about how and whether to control diseases by means of vector control

programs, sanitary procedures and/or health education.

Conclusion

The background, definitions and criteria presented herein clearly show that there is

not enough information about many viral (arboviral) infections in the region and available

information is very disportionate when considering countries or different epidemiological

aspects of infections. Even infections that are endemic and widespread in the region, for

which there is relatively more information, such as BEF, CCHF, SFN-S, SIN and WNF,

much more investigation is required, for example, there is little information about the

vectors of BEF in the region. On the other hand, there is little or no information about the

epidemiology of many viral infections and their vectors in the region, including BLU and

many RIDs and EIDs. Additionally, information on viruses in wildlife, which cause many

RIDs and EIDs, is very poor in comparison to information for humans and domesticated

animals. Last but not least, the records of many viral infections are based merely on

serological tests, which have their own limitations such as cross reactions; therefore,

isolation and genetic analysis of those viruses is necessary. The studies of the ecology

of vectors, as well as the epidemiology of related infections are necessary to provide

basic knowledge for vector control programs. This has been a very significant part of

integrated vector control in the One Health approach to decrease the burden of infections in

humans and domestic animals in concert with wildlife conservation. Moreover, expanding

interdisciplinary and international collaborations is necessary for fast detection, monitoring

398

and surveillance of viral infections and the vectors that cause them, in order to conduct

appropriate integrated vector and infection control programs.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Behzad Norouzi, Research Center of Health and Environment,

Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, for providing some literatures. Appreciation

is expressed to Professor Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd, Department of Medical Entomology and

Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,

for preparing the map of Iran. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding

agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. The authors declare that they

have no conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed

in this study.

References

Abazari M., Adham D., Saghafipour A., Taheri-Kharameh Z., Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A., Asadollahi J., Babaei

Pouya A., Moradi Asl E. 2022. Health beliefs and behaviors of livestock industry workers regarding

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Northwest of Iran. BMC Health Services Research 22: 86.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07487-4

Abbasi A., Moradi A.V. 2005. Six cases report of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Golestan Province

of Iran. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences 7: 87-89 (Persian with English abstract).

Abdigoudarzi M. 2016. Some new records of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Iran. Journal

of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 10: 474-482.

Abdul-Ghani R., Mahdy M.A.K., Alkubati S., Al-Mikhlafy A.A., Alhariri A., Das M., Dave K., Gil-Cuesta J. 2021.

Malaria and dengue in Hodeidah City, Yemen: high proportion of febrile outpatients with dengue or malaria,

but low proportion co-infected. PLOS One 16: 6. e0253556. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253556

Abu Elzein E.M.E., Tageldin M.H. 1985. The first out breaks of sheep bluetongue in Khartoum Province, Sudan.

Revue Scientifique et Technique OIE 4: 509-515. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.4.3.206

Abu Elzein E.M.E. 1986. Recovery of bluetongue virus serogroup from sera collected for a serological

survey from apparently healthy cattle, from the Sudan. Journal of Hygiene 96: 529-533.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S002217240006633X

Abu Elzein E.M.E., Aitchison H., Al-Afaleq A.I., Al-Bashir A.M., Ibrahim A.O., Housawi F.M.T. 1998a. A study

on bluetongue virus infection in Saudi Arabia using sentinel ruminants. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary

Research 65: 243-251.

Abu Elzein E.M.E., Al-afaleq A.I., Mellor P.S., Al-Bashir A.M., Hassanien M.M. 1998b. Study of Akabane

infection in Saudi Arabia by the use of sentinel ruminants. Journal of Comparative Pathology 119: 473-478.

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9975(98)80041-8

Abul-Eis E.S., Mohammad N.A., Wasein S.M. 2012. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq during 2010.

Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 36: 99-103.

Adeli E., Pourmahdi Borujeni M., Haji Hajikolaei M.R., Seifi Abad Shapouri M.R. 2017. Bovine Herpesvirus-1

in Khouzestan province in Iran: seroprevalence and risk factors. Iranian Journal of Ruminants Health

Research 2: 47-56. https://doi.org/10.22055/ijrhr.2017.14417

Adham D., Moradi-Asl E., Vatandoost H., Saghafipour A. 2019. Ecological niche modeling of West Nile virus

vector in northwest of Iran. Oman Medical Journal 34: 514-520. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2019.94

Adham D., Abazari M., Moradi-Asl E., Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A. 2021. Pattern of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

fever related high risk behaviors among Iranian butchers and its relation to perceived self-efficacy. BMC

Public Health 21: 255. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10333-7

399

Adler S., Theodor O. 1957. Transmission of disease agents by phlebotomine sand flies. Annual Review of

Entomology 2: 203-226. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.02.010157.001223

Afshar A., Tadjbakhsh H. 1970. Occurrence of precipitating antibodies to bovine herpes virus (infectious bovine

rhinotracheitis) in sera of farm animals and man in Iran. Journal of Comparative Pathology 80: 307-310.

Afshar A., Kayvanfar H. 1974. Occurrence of precipitating antibodies to bluetongue virus in sera of farm animals

in Iran. Veterinary Record 94: 233-235. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.94.11.233

Afshar A., Thomas F.C., Wright P.F., Shapiro J.L., Anderson J. 1989. Comparison of competitive ELISA, indirect

ELISA and standard AGID tests for detecting bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle and sheep. Veterinary

Record 124: 136-141. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.124.6.136

Afshar A. 1994. Bluetongue: laboratory diagnosis. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases

17: 221-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-9571(94)90045-0

Afzal M.F., Naqvi S.Q., Sultan M.A., Hanif A. 2015. Chikungunya fever among children presenting with

nonspecific febrile illness during an epidemic of dengue fever in Lahore, Pakistan. Merit Research Journal

of Medicine and Medical Sciences 3: 69-73.

Ahmad N., Khan T., Jamal S.M. 2020. A comprehensive study of dengue epidemics and persistence of anti-dengue

virus antibodies in District Swat, Pakistan. Intervirology 63: 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510347

Ahmed A.E. 2015. Tropical diseases in Saudi Arabia. SOJ Immunology 3: 1-4.

Ahmed A., Dietrich I., LaBeaud A.D., Lindsay S.W., Musa A., Weaver S.C. 2020. Risks and challenges of

arboviral diseases in Sudan: the urgent need for actions. Viruses 12: 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12010081

Ahi M.R., Pourmahdi-Borujeni M., Haji-Hajikolaei M.R., Seifi-Abad-Shapouri M.R. 2015. A serological survey

on antibodies against Akabane virus in sheep in southwest of Iran. Iranian Journal of Virology 9: 20-25.

Ahourai P., Gholami M.R., Ezzi A., Kargar R., Khedmati K., Aslani A., Rahmani F., Zarrin-Naal E. 1992. Bovine

congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly outbreaks attributed to Akabane virus infection in Iran.

Archives of Razi Institute 42/43: 51-56.

Aijazi I., Al Shama F.M.A., Shandala Y., Varghese R.M. 2020. Crimean- Congo haemorrhagic fever presenting

with acute compartment syndrome of the extremities (think beyond normal infections). BMJ Case Reports

13: e232323. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-232323

Akhoundi M., Parvizi P., Baghaei A., Depaquit J. 2012. The subgenus Adlerius Nitzulescu (Diptera, Psychodidae,

Phlebotomus) in Iran. Acta Tropica 122: 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.10.012

Akhtar S., Djallem N., Shad G., Thieme O. 1997. Bluetongue virus seropositivity in sheep flocks

in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 29: 293-298.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01093-8

Al-Abri S.S., Abdel-Hady D.M., Al Mahrooqi S.S., Al-Kindi H., Al-Jardani A.K., Al-Abaidani I.S. 2015.

Epidemiology of travel-associated infections in Oman 1999-2013: A retrospective analysis. Travel Medicine

and Infectious Disease 13: 388-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2015.08.006

Al-Abri S.S., Al Abaidani I., Fazlalipour M., Mostafavid E., Leblebicioglu H., Pshenichnaya N., Ziad A.

Memish Z.A., Hewson R., Petersen E., Mala P., Nhu Nguyen T.M., Malik M.R., Formenty P., Jeffries

R. 2017. Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern

Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions. International Journal of Infectious Diseases

58: 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.02.018

Al-Abri S.S., Hewson R., Al-Kindi H., Al-Abaidani I., Al-Jardani A., Al-Maani A., Almahrouqi S., Atkinson

B., Al-Wahaibi A., Al-Rawahi B., Bawikar S., Beeching N.J. 2019. Clinical and molecular epidemiology

of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Oman. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13: 4. e0007100.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007100

Alavi-Naini R., Moghtaderi A., Koohpayeh H.-R., Sharifi-Mood B., Naderi M., Metanat M., Izadi M.

2006. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in southeast of Iran. Journal of Infection 52: 378-382.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2005.07.015

Alayed M.S., Qureshi M.A., Ahmed S., Alqahtani A.S., Al-qahtani A.M., Alshaybari K., Alshahrani M., Asaad

A.M. 2018. Seroprevalence and molecular study of Zika virus among asymptomatic pregnant mothers and

their newborns in the Najran region of southwest Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine 38: 408-412.

https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2018.408

Albanese N., Brubo-Smiraglia C., Di Cuonzo G., Lavagninio A., Srihongse S. 1972. Isolation of Thogoto virus

from Rhipicephalus bursa ticks in western Sicily. Acta Virologica 16: 267.

400

Al-Barawary O.L.T. 2018. Serological study for detection of new emerging ectoparasites borne disease

(Schmallenberg Virus) in Duhok Province-Iraq. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 64: 39-42.

https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2018.168988

Al-Baroodi S.Y. 2021. Seroprevelance of Schmallenberg virus infection as emerging disease in cattle in Iraq. Iraqi

Journal of Veterinary Sciences 35: 495-499. https://doi.org/10.33899/ijvs.2020.127071.1454

Al-Busaidy S.M., Mellor P.S. 1991a. Epidemiology of bluetongue and related orbiviruses in the Sultanate of

Oman. Epidemiology, Infection 106: 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800056533

Al-Busaidy S.M., Mellor P.S. 1991b. Isolation and identification of arboviruses from the Sultanate of Oman.

Epidemiology, Infection 106: 403-413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095026880004855X

Al-Dabal L.M., Rahimi Shahmirzadi M.R., Baderldin S., Abro A., Zaki A., Dessi Z., Al Eassa E., Khan G., Shuri

H., Alwan A.M. 2016 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2010: case

report. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 18: 8. e38374. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.38374

Al-Ghamdi G.M. 2014. Incidence of West Nile virus in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Virology

10: 163-167. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2014.163.167

Alemian A., Khalesi B., Ebrahimi M.M., Masousi S. 2021. Efficacy evaluation of Razi Institute fowl pox vaccine

in laying hen pullet. Veterinary Researches, Biological Products 130: 6-14 (Persian with English abstract).

https://doi.org/10.22092/vj.2020.124754.1546

Alghazali K.A., Teoh B.-T., Loong S.-K., Sam S.-S., Che-Mat-Seri N.-A.-A., Samsudin N.-I., Yaacob C.-N.,

Azizan N.-S., Oo, A., Baharudin N.-A., Tan, K.-K., Abd-Jamil J., Nor’e S.-S., Khor C.-S., Johari J., Mahdy

M.A.K., AbuBakar S. 2019. Dengue outbreak during ongoing civil war, Taiz, Yemen. Emerging Infectious

Diseases 25: 1397-1400. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2506.180046

Alfaresi M., Elkoush A. 2008. West Nile virus in the blood donors in UAE. Indian Journal of Medical

Microbiology 26: 92-93. https://doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.38875

Alkan C., Alwassouf S., Piorkowski G., Bichaud L., Tezcan S., Dincer E., Ergunay K., Ozbel Y., Alten B.,

de Lamballerie X., Charrela R.N. 2015. Isolation, genetic characterization, and seroprevalence of Adana

virus, a novel Phlebovirus belonging to the Salehabad virus complex, in Turkey. Journal of Virology 89:

4080-4091. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03027-14

Alkan C., Moin Vaziri V., Ayhan N., Badakhshan M., Bichaud L., Rahbarian N., Javadian E., Alten B., de

Lamballerie X., Charrel R.N. 2017. Isolation and sequencing of Dashli virus, a novel Sicilian-like virus

in sandflies from Iran; genetic and phylogenetic evidence for the creation of one novel species within

the Phlebovirus genus in the Phenuiviridae family. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11: 12. e0005978.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005978

Al-Khalifa M.S., Diab F.M., Khalil G.M. 2007. Man-threatening viruses isolated from ticks in Saudi Arabia.

Saudi Medical Journal 28: 1864-1867.

Alkhovsky S.V., Lvov D.K., Shchelkanov M.Y., Shchetinin A.M., Krasnoslobodtsev K.G., Deryabin P.G.,

Samokhvalov E.I., Botikov A.G., Zakaryan V.A. 2013. Molecular-genetic characterization of the Bhanja

virus (BHAV) and the Razdan virus (RAZV) (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) isolated from the Ixodes ticks

Rhipicephalus bursa (Canestrini and Fanzago, 1878) and Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer, 1776) in

transcaucasus. Voprosy Virusologii 58: 14-19 (Russian with English abstract).

Alkhovsky S.V., Lvov D.K., Shchelkanov M.Y., Shchetinin A.M., Deryabin P.G., Lvov D.N., Lvov S.S.,

Samokhvalov E.I., Gitelman A.K., Botikov A.G., Krasnoslobodtsev K.G. 2014a. Genetic characterization

of the Batken virus (BKNV) (Orthomyxoviridae, Thogotovirus) isolated from the Ixodidae ticks Hyalomma

marginatum Koch, 1844 and the mosquitoes Aedes caspius Pallas, 1771, as well as the Culex hortensis

Ficalbi, 1889 in the Central Asia. Voprosy Virusologii 59(2): 33-37 (Russian with English abstract).

Alkhovsky S.V., Lvov D.K., Shchelkanov M.Y., Shchetinin A.M., Deryabin P.G., Gitelman A.K., Botikov A.G.,

Samokhvalov E.I., Zakarian V.A. 2014b. Taxonomic status of the Artashat virus (ARTSV) (Bunyaviridae,

Nairovirus) isolated from the ticks Ornithodoros alactagalis Issaakjan, 1936 and O. verrucosus Olenev,

Sassuchin et Fenuk, 1934 (Argasidae Koch, 1844) collected in Transcaucasia. Voprosy Virusologii 59(3):

24-28 (Russian with English abstract).

Alkhovsky S.V., Lvov D.K., Shchelkanov M.Y., Shchetinin A.M., Deryabin P.G., Gitelman A.K., Aristova V.A.,

Botikov A.G. 2014c. Genetic characterization of the Wad Medani virus (WMV) (Reoviridae, Orbivirus),

isolated from the ticks Hyalomma asiaticum Schulze et Schlottke, 1930 (Ixodidae: Hyalomminae) in

401

Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Armenia and from the ticks H. anatolicum Koch, 1844 in Tajikistan.

Voprosy Virusologii 59(4): 25-30 (Russian with English abstract).

Alkhovsky S.V., Lvov D.K., Shchelkanov M.Y., Shchetinin A.M., Deryabin P.G., Gitelman A.K., Botikov A.G.,

Samokhvalov E.I. 2014d. Complete genome characterization of the Kyzylagach virus (KYZV) (Togaviridae,

Alphavirus, Sindbis serogroup) isolated from mosquitoes Culex modestus Ficalbi, 1889 (Culicinae) collected

in a colony of herons (Ardeidae Leach, 1820) in Azerbaijan. Voprosy Virusologii 59(5): 27-31 (Russian

with English abstract).

Alkhovsky S.V., Lvov D.K., Shchetinin A.M., Deriabin P.G., Shchelkanov M.Y., Aristova V.A., Morozova T.N.,

Gitelman A.K., Palacios G.F., Kuhn J.H. 2017. Complete genome coding sequences of Artashat, Burana,

Caspiy, Chim, Geran, Tamdy, and Uzun-Agach viruses (Bunyavirales: Nairoviridae: Orthonairovirus).

Genome Announcements 5: e01098-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01098-17

Alkhutova L.M., Sadykov V.G., Ponirovsky E.N., Listovskaya E.K. 1981. Isolation of strains identical to Isfahan

virus from Hyalomma asiaticum ticks in Turkmenistan. Sborn. Nauch. Tr. Inst. Virus Im. Ivanov. Akad.

Med. Nauk SSSR. pp. 29-32 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1566).

Alkhutova L.M., Sadykov V.G. 1982. New dta on ecology of Isfahan virus. Sborn. Nauch. Tr. Inst. Virus Im.

Ivanov. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR. pp. 144-147 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1665).

Almasi S., Bakhshesh M. 2019a. Antigenic variation of bovine ephemeral fever viruses isolated in Iran, 2012-

2013. Virus Genes 55: 654-659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-019-01688-6

Almasi S., Bakhshesh M. 2019b. Laboratory production of hyperimmune serum against bovine ephemeral fever

virus isolated in Iran. Journal of Animal Research 32: 79-84 (Persian with English abstract).

Alnaeem A.A., Hemida M.G. (2019) Surveillance of the equine infectious anemia virus in eastern and central Saudi

Arabia during 2014-2016. Veterinary World 12: 719-723. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.719-723

Al-Nakib W., Lloyd G., El-Mekki A., Platt G., Beeson A., Southee T. 1984. Preliminary report on

arbovirus-antibody prevalence among patients in Kuwait: evidence of Congo/Crimean virus

infection. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78: 474-476.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(84)90065-8

Alqahtani A.S. 2020. Investigation of some zoonotic viruses at south western Saudi Arabia. American Journal of

Animimal and Veterinary Sciences 15: 108-112.

Alsaad K.M., Alautaish H.H.N., Alamery M.A.Y. 2017. Congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome

caused by Akabane virus in newborn calves of Basrah Governorate, Iraq. Veterinary World 10: 1143-1148.

https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.1143-1148

Al-Salihi K.A. 2014. Lumpy skin disease: Riview of literature. Mirror of Research in Veterinary Sciences and

Animals 3: 6-23.

Al-Salihi K.A., Al-Dabhawi A.H. 2019. Congenital abnormalities and arthrogryposis in newly born lambs in Al

Muthanna province Iraq. Suspicion of Akabane virus infection. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research

and Animimal Science 56: 3. e154854. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.154854

Al-Samadi M.M., Ali K.S. 2020. Evaluation of some hematological and serological changes in dengue patients

of Lahj-Yemen. Electronic Journal of University of Aden for Basic and Applied Sciences 1: 25-29.

https://doi.org/10.47372/ejua-ba.2020.1.7

Al-Tikriti S.K., Al-Ani F., Jurji F.J., Tantawi H., Al-Moslih M., Al-Janabi N., Mahmud M.I.A., Ai-Bana A., Habib

H., Al-Munthri H., Al-Janabi Sh., Al-Jawahry K., Yonan M., Hassan F., Simpson D.I.H. 1981. Congo/

Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 59: 85-90.

Al-Zadjali M., Al-hashim H., Al-Ghailani M., Balkhair A. 2013. A Case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in

Oman. Oman Medical Journal 28: 210-212. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2013.57

Alzahrani A.G., Al Shaiban H.M., Al Mazroa M.A., Al-Hayani O., MacNeil A., Rollin P.E., Memish Z.A. 2010.

Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever in humans, Najran, Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16: 1882-

1888. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612.100417

Amin M., Zaim M., Edalat H., Basseri H.R., Yaghoobi-Ershadi M.R., Rezaei F., Azizi K., Salehi-Vaziri M., Ghane

M., Yousefi S., Dabaghmanesh S., Kheirandish S., Najafi M.E., Mohammadi J. 2020. Seroprevalence study

on West Nile virus (WNV) infection, a hidden viral disease in Fars Province, southern Iran. Journal of

Arthropod-Borne Diseases 14: 173-184. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i2.3735

402

Amini M., Hanafi-Bojd A.A., Asghari S., Chavshin A.R. 2019. The potential of West Nile virus transmission

regarding the environmental factors using geographic information system (GIS), West Azerbaijan Province,

Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 13: 27-38. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v13i1.930

Aminol-Achrafi T., Noraniyan A. 1966a. Allergy and hemorrhagic syndrome, the report of seven cases of

observation of purpura and allergic hemorrhagy. Journal of Faculty of Medicine and Farmacology,

University of Tabriz 5: 293-316 (Persian).

Aminol-Achrafi T., Noraniyan A. 1966b. The report of first observation of hemorrhagic fever in one region

located in vills of Azarbaijan-e-Sharqi. Journal of Faculty of Medicine and Farmacology, University of

Tabriz 6: 182-188 (Persian).

Anastos G. 1957. The Ticks, or Ixidides, of the USSR. Public Health Service Publication No. 548, USA.

Andayi F., Charrel R.N., Kieffer A., Richet H., Pastorino B., Leparc-Goffart I., Ahmed A.A., Carrat F., Flahault

A., de Lamballerie X. 2014. A sero-epidemiological study of arboviral fevers in Djibouti, horn of Africa.

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8: 12. e3299. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003299

Anderson E.C., Mellor P.S., Hamblin C. 1989. African horse sickness in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary Record 125:

489. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.125.19.489-a

Andreev V.P., Gromashevsky V.L., Veselovskaya O.V., Vasilev V.I., Shcherbina A.A. 1973. Isolation of Baku

virus in western Turkmenia. Sborn. Izuch. Trud. Ekol. Virus 1: 107-110 (Russian, English translation,

NAMRU3-T714).

Arab-Ameree M., Mirshafee M. 2006 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Journal of Semnan University of Medical

Sciences (Koomesh) 7: 107-110 (Persian with English abstract).

Aradaib I.E., Erickson B.R., Karsany M.S., Khristova M.L., Elageb R.M., Mohamed M.E.H., Nichol S.T. 2011.

Multiple Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains are associated with disease outbreaks in Sudan,

2008-2009. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5: 5. e1159. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001159

Arata A.A. 1975. The Importance of Small Mammals in Public Health. In: Golley F.B., Petrusewicz K., Ryszkowski

L. (eds). Small Mammals: Their Productivity and Population Dynamics. International Biological Programme

5, Cambridge University Press. 349-359.

Ardalan M.R., Tubbs R.S., Chinikar S., Shoja M.M. 2006. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever presenting as

thrombotic microangiopathy and acute renal failure. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 21: 2304-2307.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfl248

Ardoin A., Karimi Y. 1982. Spot of thrombocytopenia purpura in Iran in East Azerbaijan (1974 to 1975). Médecine

Tropicale 42: 319-326 (French).

Aristova V.A., Neronov V.M., Veselovskaya O.V., Lushchekina A.A., Kurbanov M. 1973. Investigation of Crimean

hemorrhagic fever natural foci in southeastern Turkmenia. Sborn. Izuch. Trud. Ekol. Virus 1: 115-118

(Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T719).

Arsen'eva L.P. 1982 Natural focal zoonoses in Afghanistan (review of literature). Medical Parasitology and

Parasitic Diseases 51: 54-59 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1706).

Artemiev M.M. 1978. Sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) of Afghanistan. Malaria and Leishmania

Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan, Kabul.

Asadolahizoj S., Jafari A., Jafari-Nozad A.M., Rasekh M., Sarani A., Bakhshi H. 2021. A systematic review on

the spread of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Iran and neighboring countries. New Findings in Veterinary

Microbiology 3: 24-34 (Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22034/nfvm.2021.128913

Asefi V. 1974. Etude Clinique de 60 patients atteints d'un syndrome infectieux et hemorragique en Azerbaijan

(Iran). Iranian Journal of Public Health 3: 140-146.

Asefi V. 1977. Arboviroses. Ferdowsi University Press, Publication No. 56, Mashhad.

Ashford, R.W. 2001. Phlebotomus fevers. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections

of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 397-401.

Atkinson B., Marston D.A., Ellis R.J., Fooks A.R., Hewson R. 2015. Complete genomic sequence of Issyk-Kul

Virus. Genome Announcements 3: 4, e00662-15. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00662-15

Atkinson B., Hewson R. 2018. Emerging arboviruses of clinical importance in Central Asia. Journal of General

Virology 99: 1172-1184. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001125

Azari-Hamidian S., Norouzi B., Noorallahi A., Hanafi-Bojd A.A. 2018. Seasonal activity of adult mosquitoes

(Diptera: Culicidae) in a focus of dirofilariasis and West Nile infection in northern Iran. Journal of

Arthropod-Borne Diseases 12: 398-413. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v12i4.358

403

Azari-Hamidian S., Norouzi B., Harbach R.E. 2019. A detailed review of the mosquitoes (Diptera:

Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veterinary importance. Acta Tropica 194: 106-122.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.019

Azari-Hamidian S., Abai M.R., Norouzi B. 2020. Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae), a genus and species

new to southwestern Asia, with a review of its medical and veterinary importance. Zootaxa 4772: 385-395.

https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.10

Azari-Hamidian S., Norouzi B., Maleki H. 2023. The checklist and distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

of Guilan Province and their medical importance with a taxonomic note on the name Sergentomyia

murgabiensis sintoni. Caspian Journal of Health Research 8: 53-64. https://doi.org/10.32598/CJHR.8.1.473.1

Azkur A.K., Albayrak H., Risvanli A., Pestil Z., Ozan E., Yılmaz O., Tonbak S., Cavunt A., Kadi H.,

Macun H.C., Acar D., Özenç E., Alparsalan S., Bulut H. 2013. Antibodies to Schmallenberg

virus in domestic livestock in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 45: 1825-1828.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0415-2

Azimi S.M., Kayvanfar H., Mahravani H. 2009. Bluetongue virus detection in sheep by RT-PCR. Journal of

Veterinary Research 64: 141-146 (Persian with English abstract).

Azmi K., Tirosh-Levy S., Manasrah M., Mizrahi R., Nasereddin A., Al-Jawabreh A., Ereqat S., Abdeen Z., Lustig

Y., Gelman B., Schvartz G., Steinman A. 2017. West Nile virus: seroprevalence in animals in Palestine and

Israel. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 17: 558-566. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2016.2090

Badakhshan M., Sadraei J., Moin-Vaziri V. 2011. Morphometric and morphological variation between two different

populations of Phlebotomus major s.l. from endemic and non-endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in

Iran. Journal of Vector Ecology 36: 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00152.x

Bagheri M., Terenius O., Oshaghi M.A., Motazakker M., Asgari S., Dabiri F., Vatandoost H., Mohammadi

Bavanim M., Chavshin A.R. 2015. West Nile virus in mosquitoes of Iranian wetlands. Vector-Borne and

Zoonotic Diseases 15: 750-754. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2015.1778

Bahari A., Gharekhani J., Zandieh M., Sadeghi-Nasab A., Akbarein H., Karimi-Makhsous A., Yavari M. 2013.

Serological study of bovine herpes virus type 1 in dairy herds of Hamedan province, Iran. Veterinary

Research Forum 4: 111-114.

Bakhshesh M., Ranjbar M.M., Almasi S. 2018. Immunoinformatic analysis of glycoprotein from

bovine ephemeral fever virus. Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal 2: 208-212.

https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_71_18

Bakhshesh M., Otarod V., Fallah Mehrabadi M.H. 2020. Large-scale seroprevalence and risk factors

associated with Bluetongue virus in Iran. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 179:

104994.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104994

Bakhshi H., Mousson L., Moutailler S., Vazeille M., Piorkowski G., Zakeri S., Raz A., de Lamballerie

X., Dinparast-Djadid N., Failloux A.-B. 2020. Detection of arboviruses in mosquitoes: evidence

of circulation of chikungunya virus in Iran. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14: 6. e0008135.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008135

Bakhshi H., Beck C., Lecollinet S., Monier M., Mousson L., Zakeri S., Raz A., Arzamani K., Nourani L.,

Dinparast-Djadid N., Failloux A.-B. 2021. Serological evidence of West Nile virus infection among

birds and horses in some geographical locations of Iran. Veterinary Medicine and Science 7: 204-209.

https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.342

Bakhshi H., Shirazitabar S.F., Khajehmohammadi M., Moallem S.M., Arzamani K., Jafari A. 2022. Sindbis virus

in Iran and adjacent countries - a systematic review. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 40: 602-610.

https://doi.org/10.48305/jims.v40.i682.0602

Baldacchino F., Muenworn V., Desquesnes M., Desoli F., Theeraphap Charoenviriyaphap T., Duvallet, G.

2013. Transmission of pathogens by Stomoxys flies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review. Parasite 20: 26.

https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2013026

Baniasadi V., Salehi-Vaziri M., Jalali T., Azad-Manjiri S., Mohammadi T., Khakifirouz S., Fazlalipour

M. 2016. An imported case of Dengue fever in Iran, 2015. Iranian Journal of Virology 10: 31-34.

https://doi.org/10.21859/isv.10.1.31

Barakat A.M., Smura T., Kuivanen S., Huhtamo E., Kurkela S., Putkuri N., Hasony H.J., Al-Hello H., Vapalahti

O. 2016. The presence and seroprevalence of arthropod-borne viruses in Nasiriyah Governorate,

404

southern Iraq: a cross-sectional study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 94: 794-799.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0622

Barnett H.C., Suyemoto W. 1961. Field studies on sandfly fever and Kala-Azar in Pakistan, in Iran, and in

Baltistan (Little Tibet) Kashmir. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Ser. II 23: 609-617.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1961.tb01394.x

Barrett A.D.T. 2001. Japanese encephalitis. In: M.W. Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted

Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 239-246.

Baskerville A., Satti A.G.O., Murphy F.A., Simpson D.I.H. 1981. Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Dubai:

histopathological studies. Journal of Clinical Pathology 34: 871-874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.34.8.871

Beckage N.E., Thompson S.N., Federici, B.A. 1993. Parasites and Pathogens of Insects. Volume 1: Parasites,

Volume 2: Pathogens. Academic Press, San Diego.

Begum F., Wissemen C.L., Traub R. 1970a. Tick-borne viruses of west Pakistan. I. Isolation

and general characteristics. American Journal of Epidemiology

92:

180-191.

https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121196

Begum F., Wissemen C.L., Casals J. 1970b. Tick-borne viruses of west Pakistan. II. Hazara virus, a new

agent isolated from Ixodes redikorzevi ticks from the Kaghan Valley, W. Pakistan. American Journal

of Epidemiology 92: 192-194. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121197

Begum F., Wissemen C.L., Casals J. 1970c. Tick-borne viruses of west Pakistan. III. Dera Ghazi Khan virus, a

new agent isolated from Hyalomma dromedarii ticks in the D. G. Khan District of West Pakistan. American

Journal of Epidemiology 92: 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121198

Begum F., Wissemen C.L., Casals J. 1970d. Tick-borne viruses of west Pakistan. IV. Viruses similar to, or identical

with, Crimean hemorrhagic fever (Congo-Semunya), Wad Medani and Pak Argas 461 isolated from ticks

of the Changa Manga forest, Lahore District, and of Hunza, Gilgit agency, W. Pakistan. American Journal

of Epidemiology 92: 197-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121199

Belaganahalli M.N., Maan S., Maan N.S., Brownlie J., Tesh R., Attoui H., Mertens P.P.C. 2015. Genetic

characterization of the tick-borne orbiviruses. Viruses 7: 2185-2209. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7052185

Beltrán-Alcrudo D., Arias M., Gallardo C., Kramer S., Penrith M.L. 2017. African Swine Fever: Detection and

Diagnosis - A Manual for Veterinarians. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual No. 19. Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome.

Benelli G., Romano D. 2017. Mosquito vectors of Zika virus. Entomologia Generalis 36: 309-318.

https://doi.org/10.1127/entomologia/2017/0496

Bennett R.S., Gresko A.K., Murphy B.R., Whitehead S.S. 2011. Tahyna virus genetics, infectivity, and

immunogenicity in mice and monkeys. Virology Journal 8: 135. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-135

Bente D.A., Forrester N.L., Watts D.M., Mcauley A.J., Whitehouse C.A., Bray, M. 2013. Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antiviral

Research 100: 159-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.006

Bi Z., Formently P.B.H., Roth C.E. 2008. Hantavirus Infection: a review and global update. Journal of Infection

in Developing Countries 2: 3-23. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.317

Bibikova V.A. 1977. Contemporary views on the interrelationships between fleas and the

pathogens of human and animal diseases. Annual Review of Entomology 22: 23-32.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.000323

Blair P.W., Kuhn J.H., Pecor D.B., Apanaskevich D.A., Kortepeter M.G., Cardile A.P., Ramos, A.P.,

Keshtkar-Jahromi M. 2019. An emerging biothreat: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in

southern and western Asia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100: 16-23.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0553

Blasdell K.R., Voysey R., Bulach D., Joubert D.A., Tesh R.B., Boyle D.B., Walker P.J. 2012a. Kotonkan and

Obodhiang viruses: African ephemeroviruses with large and complex genomes. Virology 425: 143-153.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.004

Blasdell K.R., Voysey R., Bulach D.M., Trinidad L., Tesh R.B., Boyle D.B., Walker P.J. 2012b. Malakal virus from

Africa and Kimberley virus from Australia are geographic variants of a widely distributed ephemerovirus.

Virology 433: 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.008

405

Body M., Rawahi A.A., Hussain M.H., Lamki K.A., Habsy S.A., Almaawali M., Alrawahi Q.A. 2011. Sero-survey

of equine infectious anemia in the sultanate of Oman during 2007-2009. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 31:

235-238

Body M.H.H., Alrawahi A.H., Hussain H.M., Ahmed M.S., Alhabsi S.S., Al-Maklady S., Al-

Maewaly M., Rajamony S. 2016. Cross-sectional survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

virus in the Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 8: 44-49.

https://doi.org/10.5897/JVMAH2016.0472

Boinas F.S., Hutchings G.H., Dixon L.K., Wilkinson P.J. 2004. Characterization of pathogenic and non-pathogenic

African swine fever virus isolates from Ornithodoros erraticus inhabiting pig premises in Portugal. Journal

of General Virology 85: 2177-2187. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80058-0

Boinas F.S., Wilson A.J., Hutchings G.H., Martins C., Dixon L.J. 2011. The persistence of African swine fever

virus in field-infected Ornithodoros erraticus during the ASF endemic period in Portugal. PLOS One 6:

5. e20383. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020383

Bokaie S., Mstafavi E., Haghdoost A.A., Keyvanfar H., Gooya M.M., Meshkat M., Davari A., Chinikar S. 2008.

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in northeast of Iran. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7:

354-361.

Boorman J. 1989. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Arabian Peninsula with notes on their medical

and veterinary importance. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 10: 160-224.

Borkent A., Dominiak P. 2020. Catalog of the biting midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa

4787: 1-377. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4787.1.1

Bouloy M. 2001. Rift Valley fever virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections

of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 426-434.

Bowen M.D., Trappier S.G., Sanchez A.J., Meyer R.F., Goldsmith C.S., Zaki S.R., Dunster L.M., Peters C.J.,

Ksiazek T.G., Nichol S.T. 2001. A reassortant bunyavirus isolated from acute hemorrhagic fever cases in

Kenya and Somalia. Virology 291: 185-190. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1201

Braack L., Gouveia de Almeida A.P., Cornel A.J., Swanepoel R., de Jager, C. 2018. Mosquito-borne

arboviruses of African origin: review of key viruses and vectors. Parasites and Vectors 11: 29.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2559-9

Brugman V.A., Hernández-Triana L.M., Prosser S.W.J., Weland C., Westcott D.G., Fooks A.R., Johnson N.

2015. Molecular species identification, host preference and detection of myxoma virus in the Anopheles

maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern England, UK. Parasites and Vectors 8: 421.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-1034-8

Bryan J.P., Iqbal M., Ksiazek T.G., Ahmed A., Duncan J.F., Awan B., Krieg R., Riaz M., Leduc J.W., Nabi S.,

Shuaib Qureshi M., Malik I.A., Legters L.J. 1996. Prevalence of sand fly fever, West Nile, Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever, and leptospirosis antibodies in Pakistani military personnel. Military Medicine 161,

149-153. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/161.3.149

Bryant J.E., Crabtree M.B., Nam V.S., Yen N.T., Duc H.M., Miller B.R. 2005. Isolation of arboviruses from

mosquitoes collected in northern Vietnam. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73: 470-

473. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.470

Burgu I., Alkan F., Karaoglu T., Bilge-Dagalp S., Can-Sahna K., Gungor B., Demir B. 2005. Control and

eradication programme of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) from selected dairy herds in Turkey. Deutsche

Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 112: 271-274.

Butenko A.M., Gromashevsky V.L., L’vov D.K., Popov V.F. 1981. First isolations of Barur virus

(Rhabdoviridae) from ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology 18: 232-234.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/18.3.232

Cahill K.M. 1971. Studies in Somalia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65:

28-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203 (71)90182-9

Camp J.V., Karuvantevida N., Chouhna H., Safi E., Shah J.N., Nowotny N. 2019. Mosquito biodiversity

and mosquito-borne viruses in the United Arab Emirates. Parasites and Vectors 12:

153.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3417-8

Camp J.V., Kannan D.O., Osman B.M., Shah M.S., Howarth B., Khafaga T., Weidinger P., Karuvantevida

N., Kolodziejek J., Mazrooei H., Wolf N., Loney T., Nowotny N. 2020. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

406

fever virus endemicity in United Arab Emirates, 2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases 26: 1019-1021.

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.191414

Calisher C.H., Karabatsos N., Zeller H., Digoutte J.-P., Tesh R.B., Shope R.E., Travassos da Rosa A.P.A., St.

George T.D. 1989. Antigenic relationships among rhabdoviruses from vertebrates and hematophagous

arthropods. Intervirology 30: 241-257. https://doi.org/10.1159/000150100

Caracappa S., Torina A., Guercio A., Vitale F., Calabro A., Purpari G., Ferrantelli V., Vitale M., Mellor P.S. 2003.

Identification of a novel bluetongue virus vector species of Culicoides in Sicily. Veterinary Record 153:

71-74. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.153.3.71

Carletti F., Castilletti C., Di Caro A., Capobianchi M.R., Nisii C., Suter F., Rizzi M., Tebaldi A., Goglio A., Tosi

C.P., Ippolito G. 2010. Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever in travelers returning from Egypt, 2010. Emerging

Infectious Diseases 16: 10-13. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1612101092

Carpenter S., Mellor P.S., Fall A.G., Garros C., Venter G.J. 2017. African horse sickness virus:

history, transmission, and current status. Annual Review of Entomology 62: 343-358.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035010

Casals J., Tignor G.H. 1980. The Nairovirus genus: serological relationships. Intervirology 14: 144-147.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000149175

Cecaro M., Isolani L., Cuteri, V. 2013. European monitoring plans for the management of outbreak

of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Occupational Medicine, Health Affairs 1: 123.

https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6879.1000123

Cella E., Benvenuto D., Donati D., Garilli F., Angeletti S., Pascarella S., Ciccozzi M. 2019. Phylogeny of Culex

theileri virus flavivirus in Spain, Myanmar, Portugal and Turkey. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine

12: 216-223. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.259242

Champour M., Mohammadi G.R., Chinikar S., Razmi G.R., Shah-Hosseini N., Khakifirouz S., Mostafavi E., Jalali

T. 2014. Seroepidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in one-humped camels (Camelus

dromedarius) population in northeast of Iran. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 51: 62-65.

Charrel R.N., Zaki A.M., Fakeeh M., Yousef A.I., De Chesse R., Attoui H., de Lamballerie X. 2005. Low diversity

of Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, Saudi Arabia, 1994-1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11: 683-688.

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1105.041298

Charrel R.N., Zaki A.M., Fagbo S., de Lamballerie X. 2006a. Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus is an emerging

tick-borne flavivirus. Journal of Infection 52: 463-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2005.08.011

Charrel R.N., Izri A., Temmam S., de Lamballerie X., Parola P. 2006b. Toscana virus RNA in Sergentomyia minuta

flies. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12: 1299-1300. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1208.060345

Charrel R.N., Fagbo S., Moureau G., Alqahtani M.H., Temmam S., de Lamballerie X. 2007. Alkhurma

hemorrhagic fever virus in Ornithodoros savignyi ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 153-155.

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1301.061094

Charrel R.N., Moureau G., Tammam S., Izri A., Marty P., Parola P., da Rosa A.T., Tesh R.B., de Lamballerie

X. 2009. Massilia virus, a novel Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) isolated from sandflies in the Mediterranean.

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 9: 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2008.0131

Chatterjee A., Bakshi S., Sarkar S.N., Mitra J., Chowdhury S. 2016. Bovine herpes virus-1 and its infection in

India-A review. Indian Journal of Animal Health 55: 21-40.

Chihota C.M., Rennie L.F., Kitching R.P., Mellor P.S. 2001. Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin

disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Epidemiology, Infection 126: 317-321.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268801005179

Chihota C.M., Rennie L.F., Kitching R.P., Mellor P.S. 2003. Attempted mechanical transmission of

lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 17: 294-300.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00445.x

Chinikar S., Fayaz A., Mirahmadi R., Mazaheri V., Mathiot C., Saron M.F. 2002. The specific serological

investigation of suspected humans and domestic animals to have Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in

various parts of Iran using ELISA techniques. Hakim Research Journal 4: 294-300 (Persian with English

abstract).

Chinikar S. 2003. Seroepidemiology of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in human and domestic animals in Iran

by analyzing the quantities of specific IGM and IGG against the virus of the disease by ELISA method.

Journal of Veterinary Organization 3: 69-73 (Persian with English abstract).

407

Chinikar S., Persson S.M., Johansson M., Bladh L., Goya M., Houshmand B., Mirazimi A., Plyusnin A., Lundkvist

A., Nilsson M. 2004. Genetic analysis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Iran. Journal of

Medical Virology 73: 404-411. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20106

Chinikar S., Mazaheri V., Mirahmadi R., Nabeth P., Saron M.F, Salehi P., Hosseini N., Bouloy M., Mirazimi A.,

Lundkvist A., Nilsson M., Mehrabi-tavana A. 2005. A serological survey in suspected human patients of

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran by determination of IGM-specific ELISA method during 2000

- 2004. Archives of Iranian Medicine 8: 52-55.

Chinikar S., Goya M.M., Shirzadi M.R., Ghiasi S.M., Mirahmadi R., Haeri A., Moradi M., Afzali N.,

Rahpeyma M., Zeinali M., Meshkat M. 2008. Surveillance and laboratory detection system of

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Iran. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 55: 200-204.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01028.x

Chinikar S., Ghiasi S.M., Ghalyanchi-Langeroudi A., Goya M.M., Shirzadi M.R., Zeinali M., Haeri A. 2009. An

overview of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Iranian Journal of Microbiology 1: 7-12.

Chinikar S., Ghiasi S.M., Moradi M., Goya M.M., Shirzadi M.R., Zeinali M., Meshkat M., Bouloy M. 2010a.

Geographical distribution and surveillance of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Vector-Borne and

Zoonotic Diseases 10: 705-708. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.0247

Chinikar S., Ghiasi S., Hewson R., Moradi M., Haeri A. 2010b. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran and

neighboring countries. Journal of Clinical Virology 47: 110-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.10.014

Chinikar S., Ghiasi S.M., Moradi M., Goya M.M., Shirzadi M.R., Zeinali M., Mostafavi E., Pourahmad M., Haeri

A. 2010c. Phylogenetic analysis in a recent controlled outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the

south of Iran, December 2008. Eurosurveillance 15(47): 19720. https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.15.47.19720-en

Chinikar S., Ghiasi S.M., Naddaf S., Piazak N., Moradi M., Razavi M.R., Afzali N., Haeri A., Mostafavizadeh

K., Ataei B., Khalififard-Brojeni M., Husseini S.M., Bouloy M. 2012a. Serological evaluation of Crimean-

Congo hemorrhagic fever in humans with high-risk professions living in enzootic regions of Isfahan

Province of Iran and genetic analysis of circulating strains. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 12:

733-738. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0634

Chinikar S., Moghadam A.H., Parizadeh S.J., Moradi M., Bayat N., Zeinali M., Mostafavi E. 2012b.

Seroepidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in slaughterhouse workers in north eastern Iran.

Iranian Journal of Public Health 41: 72-77.

Chinikar S., Shayesteh M., Khakifirouz S., Jalali T., Rasi Varaie F.S., Rafigh M., Mostafavi E., Shah-Hosseini

N. 2013a. Nosocomial infection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in eastern Iran: case report. Travel

Medicine and Infectious Disease 11: 252-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2012.11.009

Chinikar S., Shah-Hosseini N., Bouzari S., Jalali T., Shokrgozar M.A., Mostafavi E. 2013b. New circulating

genomic variant of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Iran. Archives of Virology 158: 1085-1088.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1588-0

Chinikar S., Javadi A.A., Hajiannia A., Ataei B., Jalali T., Khakifirouz S., Nowotny N., Schmidt-Chanasit J.,

Shahhosseini N. 2014. First evidence of Hantavirus in central Iran as an emerging viral disease. Advances

in Infectious Diseases 4: 173-177. https://doi.org/10.4236/aid.2014.44024

Chinikar S., Shah-Hosseini N., Bouzari S., Shokrgozar M.A., Mostafavi E., Jalali T., Khakifirouz S., Groschup

M.H., Niedrig M. 2016a. Assessment of recombination in the s-segment genome of Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever virus in Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 10: 12-23.

Chinikar S., Bouzari S., Shokrgozar M.A., Mostafavi E., Jalali T., Khakifirouz S., Nowotny N., Fooks A.R.,

Shah-Hosseini N. 2016b. Genetic diversity of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains from Iran.

Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 10: 127-140.

Chitimia-Dobler L., Lemhöfer G., Król N., Bestehorn M., Dobler G., Pfeffer, M. 2019. Repeated isolation of

tick-borne encephalitis virus from adult Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in an endemic area in Germany.

Parasites and Vectors 12: 90. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3346-6

Chumakov M.P., Ismailova S.T., Rubin S.G., Smirnova S.E., Zgurskaya G.N., Khankishiev A.Sh., Berezin V.V.,

Solovey E.A. 1970. Detection of Crimean hemorrhagic fever foci in Azerbaijan SSR from results from

serological investigations of domestic animals. Trudy Inst. Polio. Virus. Entsef. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR

18: 120-122 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T941).

408

Chumakov M.P., Smirnova S.E. 1972. Detection of antibodies to CHF virus in wild and domestic animal blood

sera from Iran and Africa. Tezisy 17. Nauchn. Sess. Inst. Posvyashch. Aktual. Probl. Virus Profilakt. Virus.

Zabolev. Moscow, Ocrober 1972, pp. 367-376 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1072).

Chunikhin S.P., Karaseva P.S. 1971. Study of Bhanja virus foci in Central Asia. Vop. Med. Virus 11: 128-131

(Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1323).

Ciccozzi M., Lo Presti A., Cella E., Giovanetti M., Lai A., El-Sawaf G., Faggioni G., Vescio F., Al Ameri R.,

De Santis R., Helaly G., Pomponi A., Metwally D., Fantini M., Qadif H., Zehender G., Lista F., Rezza

G. 2014. Phylogeny of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Al Hudayda governorate, Yemen. Infection,

Genetics and Evolution 27: 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.010

Collins A.B., Doherty M.L., Barrett D.G., Mee J.F. 2019. Schmallenberg virus: a systematic international

literature review (2011-2019) from an Irish perspective. Irish Veterinary Journal 72: 9 .

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-019-0147-3

Contigiani M.S., Diaz L.A., Tauro L.B. 2017. Bunyaviruses. In: Marcondes C.B. (ed). Arthropod Borne Diseases.

Springer, Switzerland. 137-154.

Converse J.D., Hoogstraal H., Moussa M.I., Stek M.Jr., Kaiser M.N. 1974. Bahig virus (Tete Group) in naturally-

and transovarially-infected Hyalomma marginatum ticks from Egypt and Italy. Archiv fur die Gesamte

Virusforschung 46: 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01240201

Converse J.D., Moussa, M.I. 1982. Quaranfil virus from Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodoidea)

collected in Kuwait, Iraq and Yemen. Journal of Medical Entomology 19: 209-210.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/19.2.209

Conway M.J., Colpitts T.M., Fikrig, E. 2014. Role of the vector in arbovirus transmission. Annual Review of

Virology 1: 71-88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085513

Dagalp S.B., Dik B., Dogan F., Aligholipour Farzani T., Ataseven V.S., Acar G., Sahinkesen I., Ozkul

A. 2021. Akabane virus infection in Eastern Mediterranean Region in Turkey: Culicoides

(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as a possible vector. Tropical Animal Health and Production 53: 231.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02661-y

Dandawate C.N., Shah K.V., D'lima L.V. 1970. Wanowrie virus: a new arbovirus isolated from Hyalomma

marginatum. Indian Journal of Medical Research 58: 985-989.

Dargham S.R., Al-Sadeq D.W., Yassine H.M., Ahmed M., Kunhipurayil H., Humphrey J.M., Abu-Raddad L.J.,

Nasrallah G.K. 2021. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus among healthy blood donors from different

national populations residing in Qatar. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 103: 502-506.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.175

Darwish M.A., Imam I.Z., Omar F.M. 1976. Complement-fixing antibodies against Abu Hammad and Abu Mina

viruses in mammalian sera from Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 51: 51-54.

Darwish M.A., Hoogstraal H., Roberts T.J., Ahmed I.P., Omar F. 1983a. A sero-epidemiological survey for certain

arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

77: 442-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(83)90106-2

Darwish M.A., Hoogstraal H., Roberts T.J., Ghazi R., Amer T. 1983b. A sero-epidemiological survey for

Bunyaviridae and certain other arboviruses in Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical

Medicine and Hygiene 77: 446-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(83)90108-6

Davis F.G. 1997. Nairobi sheep disease. Parassitologia 39: 95-98.

DeCarlo C., Omar A.H., Haroun M.I., Bigler L., Bin Rais M.N., Abu J., Omar A.R., Mohammad H.O. 2017.

Potential reservoir and associated factors for West Nile virus in three distinct climatological zones. Vector-

Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 17: 709-713. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2016.2098

Dedkov V.G., Dolgova A.S., Safonova M.V., Samoilov A.E., Belova O.A., Kholodilov I.S., Matsvay

A.D., Speranskaya A.S., Khafizov K., Karganova G.G. 2021. Isolation and characterization of Wad

Medani virus obtained in the tuva Republic of Russia. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 12: 101612.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101612

Dehghani R., Amiri M. 2017. Is Iran threated by Zika virus? International Journal of Epidemiologic Research

4: 91-93.

Dehghani R., Kassiri H., Kasiri N., Dehghani M. 2020. A review on epidemiology and ecology of West Nile fever:

an emerging arboviral disease. Journal of Acute Disease 9: 93-99. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-6189.283885

409

Dehghani R., Kassiri H., Khodkar I., Karami S. 2021. A comprehensive overview on sandfly fever. Journal of

Acute Disease 10: 98-106. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-6189.316673.

Dehghan Rahimabadi P., Raoofi A., Gorjidooz M., Mardjanmehr S.H., Masoudifard M. 2020. Detection of

Akabane virus with clinical and necropsy findings in suckling calves in Tehran suburb. Journal of Veterinary

Microbiology 16: 33-42 (Persian with English abstract).

Della-Porta A.J. 2001. Fowl pox. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of

Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 187-190.

de la Fuente J., Estrada-Pena A., Venzal J.M., Kocan K.M., Sonenshine D.E. 2008. Overview: Ticks as

vectors of pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals. Frontiers in Bioscience 13: 6938-6946.

https://doi.org/10.2741/3200

Dennis S.J., Meyers A.E., Hitzeroth I.I., Rybicki E.P. 2019. African horse sickness: a review of current

understanding and vaccine development. Viruses 11: 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11090844

Depaquit J., Grandadam M., Fouque F., Andry P.E., Peyrefitte C. 2010. Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by

phlebotomine sandflies in Europe: a review. Eurosurveillance 15(10): pii=19507.

Depoortere E., Kavle J., Keus K., Zeller H., Murri S., Legros D. 2004. Outbreak of West Nile virus causing severe

neurological involvement in children, Nuba Mountains, Sudan, 2002. Tropical Medicine, International

Health 9: 730-736. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01253.x

De Regge N., Deblauwe I., De Deken R., Vantieghem P., Madder M., Geysen D., Smeets F., Losson B., van den

Berg T., Cay A.B. 2012. Detection of Schmallenberg virus in different Culicoides spp. by real-time RT-

PCR. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 59: 471-475. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12000

Dhanda V., Thenmozhi V., Kumar N.P., Hiriyan J., Arunachalam N., Balasubramanian A., Ilango A., Gajanana

A. 1997. Virus isolation from wild-caught mosquitoes during a Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Kerala

in 1996. Indian Journal of Medical Research 106: 4-6.

Diallo M., Thonnon J., Traore-Lamizana M., Fontenille D. 1999. Vectors of Chikungunya virus in Senegal:

current data and transmission cycles. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60: 281-286.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.281

Diallo D., Sall A.A., Buenemann M., Chen R., Faye O., Diagne C.T., Faye O., Ba Y., Dia I., Watts D.,

Weaver S.C., Hanley K.A., Diallo M. 2012. Landscape ecology of sylvatic Chikungunya virus

and mosquito vectors in southeastern Senegal. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6: 6. e1649.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001649

Dilcher M., Faye O., Faye O., Weber F., Koch A., Chinikar S., Manfred Weidmann M., Alpha Sall A.

2015. Zahedan rhabdovirus, a novel virus detected in ticks from Iran. Virology Journal: 12: 183.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-015-0410-5

Dixon L.K., Sun H., Roberts H. 2019. African swine fever. Antiviral Research 165: 34-41.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.018

Dominiak P., Alwin A. 2013. Five new species and new records of biting midges of the genus

Dasyhelea Kieffer from the Near East (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Zootaxa 3683: 133-144.

https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3683.2.3

Doosti S., Yaghoobi-Ershadi M.R., Schaffner F., Moosa-Kazemi S.H., Akbarzadeh K., Gooya M.M., Vatandoost

H., Shirzadi M.R., Mosta-Favi E. 2016. Mosquito surveillance and the first record of the invasive mosquito

species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern Iran. Iranian Journal of

Public Health 45: 1064-1073.

Düzlü Ö., İnci A., Yıldırım A., Doğanay M., Özbel Y., Aksoy S. 2020. Vector-borne zoonotic

diseases in Turkey: rising threats on public health. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 44: 168-175.

https://doi.org/10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.6985

Ebadiazar F., Esmaeili R.A., Zohoori A. 2011. Epidemiological survey of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in

Khorasan Razavi (2009). Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch 21:

61-66 (Persian with English abstract).

Ebrahimi M.M., Shahsavandi S., Masoudi S., Ghodsian N., Hashemi A., Hablalvarid M.H., Hatami A.R. 2012.

Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for differential diagnosis of canary pox virus.

Iranian Journal of Virology 6: 19-23.

410

Elata A.T., Karsany M.S., Elageb R.M., Hussain M.A., Eltom K.H., Elbashir M.I., Aradaib I.E. 2011. A nosocomial

transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever to an attending physician in north kordufan, Sudan.

Virology Journal 8: 303. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-8-303

El-Azazy O.M., Scrimgeour E.M. 1997. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infection in the western province

of Saudi Arabia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91: 275-278.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90072-9

Elbers A.R.W., Meiswinkel R., van Weezep E., Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M.M., Kooi E.A. 2013.

Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides spp. biting midges, the Netherlands, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases

19: 106-109. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121054

Elyan D.S., Moustafa L., Noormal B., Jacobs J.S., Aziz M.A., Hassan K.S., Wasfy M.O., Monestersky J.H.,

Oyofo, B.A. 2014. Serological evidence of flaviviruses infection among acute febrile illness patients in

Afghanistan. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8: 1176-1180. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4183

Emadi-Kouchak H., Yalda A.R., Haji Abd Albaghi M., Soudbakhsh A.A.R. 2003. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

fever. Tehran University Medical Journal 61: 343-358.

Epelboin Y., Talaga S., Epelboin L., Dusfour I. 2017. Zika virus: an updated review of competent

or naturally infected mosquitoes. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11: 11, e0005933.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005933

Eram N., Peighambari S., Madani S., Razmyar J., Barin, A. 2020. Sequence and phylogenetic study

of two fowlpox virus isolates obtained from layer chickens and red mite (Dermanyssus

gallinae) in 2016. Journal of Veterinary Research 75: 218-225 (Persian with English abstract).

https://doi.org/10.22059/jvr.2019.253199.2770

Erfani A.M., Bakhshesh M., Fallah M.H., Hashem M. 2019. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with

bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpes virus-1 in Zanjan Province, Iran. Tropical Animal Health

and Production 51: 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1687-3

Ergunay K., Whitehouse C.A., Ozkul A. 2011. Current status of human arboviral diseases in Turkey. Vector-Borne

and Zoonotic Diseases 11: 731-741. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2010.0162

Evans M., Dallas T.A., Han B.A., Murdock C.C., Drake, J.M. 2017. Data-driven identification of potential Zika

virus vectors. eLife 6: e22053. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053

Eybpoosh S., Fazlalipour M., Baniasadi V., Pouriayevali M.H., Sadeghi F., Ahmadi Vasmehjani A., Karbalaie

Niya M.H., Hewson R., Salehi-Vaziri M. 2019. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in the Eastern

Mediterranean Region: a systematic review. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 13: 1. e0007081.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007081

Ezatkhah M., Shamsaddini Bafti M., Alimolaei M., Amini M. 2014. High seroprevalence of bluetongue

virus in small ruminants in southeast Iran. Online Journal of Veterinary Research 18: 260-267.

https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014B599

Ezzi A., Hatami A., Bakhshesh M., Shoukri M.R., Gharaghozloyan M. 2013. Serological study of bovine

herpesvirus type 1 and parainfluenza type 3 in cow farms of Qazvin Province based on different ages and

seasons. Archives of Razi Institute 68: 53-57.

Faghihi F., Chinikar S., Telmadarraiy Z., Bakhshi H., Khakifirooz S., Jalali T., Nutifafa G.G. 2015. Crimean-congo

hemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and molecular survey in north of Iran. Journal of Entomology

and Zoology Studies 3: 156-159.

Faghihi F., Telmadarraiy Z., Chinikar S., Nowotny N., Fooks A.R., Shahhosseini N. 2018. Spatial and

phylodynamic survey on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains in northeast of Iran. Jundishapur

Journal of Microbiology 11: 3. e59412.

Failloux A.-B., Bouattour A., Faraj C., Gunay F., Haddad N., Harrat Z., Jancheska E., Kanani K., Kenawy M.A.,

Kota M., Pajovic I., Paronyan L., Petric D., Sarih M., Sawalha S., Shaibi T., Sherifi K., Sulesco T., Velo

E., Gaayeb L., Victoir K., Robert V. 2017. Surveillance of arthropod-borne viruses and their vectors in

the Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions within the MediLabSecure network. Current Tropical Medicine

Reports 4: 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-017-0101-y

Fakoorziba M.R., Golmohammadi P., Moradzadeh R., Momenbellah-Fard M.D., Azizi K., Davari B., Alipour H.,

Ahmadnia S., Chinikar S. 2012. Reverse transcription PCR-based detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

fever virus isolated from ticks of domestic ruminants in Kurdistan Province of Iran. Vector-Borne and

Zoonotic Diseases 12: 794-799. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0743

411

Fakoorziba M.R., Naddaf-Sani A.A., Momenbellah-Fard M.D., Azizi K., Ahmadnia S., Chinikar S. 2015.

First phylogenetic analysis of a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome in naturally

infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Archives of Virology 160: 1197-1209.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2379-1

Fakour S., Naserabadi S., Ahmadi E. 2021. A serological and hematological study on Rift Valley fever and

associated risk factors in aborted sheep at Kurdistan Province in west of Iran. Comparative Immunology,

Microbiology, Infectious Diseases 75: 101620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101620

Fallahi R., Yaghini M., Kargar Moakhar R., Khedmati K. 2013. Virological and werological wurvey on bluetongue

disease in sheep in some parts of Iran. Veterinary Journal (Pajouhesh, Sazandegi) 99: 36-43 (Persian with

English abstract).

Farnon E.C., Gould L.H., Griffith K.S., Osman M.S., Kholy A.E., Brair M.-E., Panella A.J., Kosoy O., Laven

J.J., Godsey M.S., Perea W., Hayes E.B. 2010. Household-based sero-epidemiologic survey after a yellow

fever epidemic, Sudan, 2005. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82: 1146-1152.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0105

Farhadpour F., Telmadarraiy Z., Chinikar S., Akbarzadeh K., Fakoorziba M., Moemenbel-lahFard M. 2015.

Molecular detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in tick species collected from

livestock in Marvdasht, Fars Province during 2012-2013. Armaghane-danesh, Yasuj University of Medical

Sciences Journal 19: 1049-1057 (Persian with English abstract).

Farzinnia B., Saghafipour A., Telmadarraiy Z. 2013. Study of the epidemiological status of Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever disease in Qom Province, 2011, Iran. Qom University Medical Sciences Journal 7:

42-48 (Persian with English abstract).

Fazlalipour M., Baniasadi V., Pouriayevali M.H., Jalali T., Mohammadi T., Azad-Manjiri S., Azizzadeh S., Hosseini

M., Fereydouni Z., Tavakoli M., Ghalejoogh M., Khakifirouz S., Salehi-Vaziri M. 2019. Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever virus Asia 2 genotype in Qeshm Island, southern Iran: a case report. Journal of Vector

Borne Diseases 56: 276-279.

Federici V., Goffredo M., Mancini G., Quaglia M., Santilli A., Di Nicola F., De Ascentis M., Cabras P.,

Volpicelli C., De Liberato C., Satta G., Federico G., Leone A., Pisciella M., Portanti O., Pizzurro F.,

Teodori L., Savini G. 2019. Vector competence of Italian populations of Culicoides for some bluetongue

virus strains responsible for recent northern African and European outbreaks. Viruses 11: 941.

https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100941

Federov J.V., Igolkin N.I., Tiushniakova M.K. 1959. Some data on virus-carrying fleas in areas of tick-borne

encephalitis and lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 28: 149-152

(Russian).

Fenner F. 2001. Myxomatosis. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of Man

and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 356-363.

Filipe A.R., Calisher C.H. 1984. Isolation of Thogoto virus from ticks in Portugal. Acta Virologica 28: 152-155.

Filipe A.R., Alves M.J, Karabatsos N., Alves de Matos A.P., Núncio M.S., Bacellar F. 1994. Palma virus, a new

bunyaviridae isolated from ticks in Portugal. Intervirology 37: 348-351. https://doi.org/10.1159/000150399

Firooziyan S., Sadeghi R., Sabouri M., Tol A., Rikhtehgar E., Fathi B., Sedaghat M.M. 2022. Predictors

of dengue preventive practices based on precaution adoption process model among health

care professionals in northwest of Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 16: 340-349.

https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12192

Firouzmanesh P., Fakour S., Ahmady E. 2017. Serologic survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in high

risk people in slaughter house, livestock owners and livestock in Kurdistan Province. Scientific Journal of

Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 22: 1-9 (Persian with English abstract).

Foil L.D., Meek C.L., Adams W.V., Issel C.J. 1983. Mechanical transmission of equine infectious anemia virus

by deer flies (Chrysops flavidus) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). American Journal of Veterinary

Research 44: 155-156.

Foil L.D., Seger C.L., French D.D., Issel C.J., McManus J.M., Ohrberg C.L., Ramsey R.T. 1988. Mechanical

transmission of bovine leukemia virus by horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal of Medical Entomology

25: 374-376. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/25.5.374

Foil L.D. 1989. Tabanids as vectors of disease agents. Parasitology Today 5: 88-96.

412

Foil L.D., Issel C.J. 1991. Transmission of retroviruses by arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 355-381.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.002035

Frese M., Weeber M., Weber F., Speth V., Haller O. 1997. Mx 1 sensitivity: Batken virus is an

orthomyxovirus closely related to Dhori virus. Journal of General Virology 78: 2453-2458.

https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-78-10-2453

Gaidamovich S.Ia., Melnikova E.E., Agafonov V.I., Lokhova M.D., Rodnia V.Ia. 1975. Identification of a group

A arbovirus isolated in the far east. Voprosy Virusologii 3: 317-320 (Russian).

Gaidamovich S.Ia., Altukhova L.M., Obukhova V.R., Ponirovskii E.N., Sadykov V.G. 1980. Isolation of the Isfahan

virus in Turkmenia. Voprosy Virusologii 5: 618-620 (Russian with English abstract).

Gaidamovich S.Ia., Khutoretskaya N.V., Asyamov Y.V., Tsyupa V.I., Melnikova E.E. 1990a. Sandfly fever in

Central Asia and Afghanistan. Archives of Virology [Suppl 1]: 287-293.

Gaidamovich S.Ia., Khutoretskaia N.V., Aziamov I.V., Tsiupa V.I., Mel'nikova E.E. 1990b. Virological study of

cases of sandfly fever in Afghanistan. Voprosy Virusologii 35: 45-47 (Russian).

Galati E.A.B., Galvis-Ovallos F., Lawyer P., Léger N., Depaquit J. 2017. An illustrated guide for characters

and terminology used in descriptions of Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae). Parasite 24: 1-35.

https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017027

Gallardo C., Okoth E., Pelayo V., Anchuelo R., Martin E., Simon A., Llorente A., Nieto R., Soler A., Martin R.,

Arias M., Bishop R.P. 2011. African swine fever viruses with two different genotypes, both of which occur

in domestic pigs, are associated with ticks and adult warthogs, respectively, at a single geographical site.

Journal of General Virology 92: 432-444. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.025874-0

Gao G.F., Zanotto P.M.De.A., Holmes E.C., Reid H.W., Gould E.A. 1997. Mokecular variation, evolution and

geographical distribution of Louping ill virus. Acta Virologica 41: 259-268.

Gavrilovskaya I.N. 2001. Issyk-Kul virus disease. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted

Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 231-234.

Gevorgyan H., Grigoryan G.G., Atoyan H.A., Rukhkyan M., Hakobyan A., Zakaryan H., Aghayan S.A. 2019.

Evidence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus occurrence in Ixodidae ticks of Armenia. Journal

of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 13: 9-16. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v13i1.928

Ghalyanchilangeroudi A., Ziafati Kafi Z., Rajeoni A., Ataii J., Sadri N., Hajizamani N., Aghaeean

L., Majidi S., Sadeghi H., Ghorani M. 2021. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis

of lumpy skin disease virus in Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15: 168-174.

https://doi.org/10.22059/ijvm.2020.299916.1005071

Ghasemian S.O., Fazlalipour M., Hosseini G., Pouryaievali M.H., Azad-Manjiri S., Khakifirouz S., Ahmadi

Vasmehjani A., Salehi-Vaziri M. 2021. Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in livestock,

Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Iran, 2017. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 58: 70-73.

Ghodsian N., Khalesi B., Motamed N., Ebrahimi M.M., Abdoshah M., Mojahedi Z., Shiri, N. 2022. Evaluation

of the possibility of reversion of virulence and safety tests of Razi Institute‘s live attenuated fowl

pox vaccine. Veterinary Researches, Biological Products 136: 12-17 (Persian with English abstract).

https://doi.org/10.22092/vj.2021.356052.1902

Ghorani M., Esmaeili H. 2022. Comparison of susceptibility of different goat breeds to live attenuated goatpox

vaccine. Small Ruminant Research, 212, 106721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106721

Gibbens N. 2012. Schmallenberg virus: a novel viral disease in northern Europe. Veterinary Record 170: 58.

https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.e292.

Gibbs E.P., Johnson R.H., Osborne A.D. 1972. Field observations on the epidemiology of bovine herpes

mammillitis. Veterinary Record 91: 395-401.

Gibbs, E.P., Johnson R.H., Osborne A.D. 1973a. Experimental studies of the epidemiology of bovine herpes

mammillitis. Research in Veterinary Science 14: 139-144.

Gibbs E.P., Johnson R.H., Gatehouse A.G. 1973b. A laboratory technique for studying the mechanical transmission

of bovine herpes mammillitis virus by the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.). Research in Veterinary

Science 14: 145-147.

Gibbs E.P.J. 2001. African swine fever. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections

of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 7-13.

413

Goenaga S., Kenney J.L., Duggal N.K., Delorey M., Ebel G.D., Zhang B., Levis S.C., Enria D.A., Brault A.C.

2015. Potential for co-infection of a mosquito-specific flavivirus, Nhumirim virus, to block West Nile virus

transmission in mosquitoes. Viruses 7: 5801-5812. https://doi.org/10.3390/v7112911

Goffredo M., Catalani M., Federici V., Portanti O., Marini V., Mancini G., Quaglia M., Santilli A., Teodori L.,

Savini G. 2015. Vector species of Culicoides midges implicated in the 2012-214 bluetongue epidemics in

Italy. Veterinaria Italiana 51: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.771.3854.1

Gould E.A. 2001. Louping ill, sheep. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections

of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 290-295.

Gould E., Pettersson J., Higgs S., Charrel R, de Lamballerie X. 2017. Emerging arboviruses: Why today? One

Health 4: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.06.001

Gozalan A., Kalaycioglu H., Uyar Y., Sevindi D.F., Turkyilmaz B., Cakir V., Cindemir C., Unal B., Yagci-Caglayik

D., Korukluoglu G., Ertek M., Heyman P., Lundkvist A. 2013. Human Puumala and Dobrava Hantavirus

infections in the Black Sea Region of Turkey: a cross-sectional study. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

13: 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0939

Gray D.P., Bannister G.L. 1961. Studies on blue tongue. I. Infectivity of the virus in the sheep ked, Melophagus

ovinus (L.). Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science 25: 230-232.

Green B.E., Foil L.D., Hagius S.D., Issel C.J. 1996. Stability of equine infectious anemia virus in Aedes aegypti

(Diptera: Culicidae), Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), and Tabanus fuscicostatus (Diptera:

Tabanidae) stored at -70 degrees C. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 12: 334-336.

Gromashevsky V.L., Nikimorov L.P. 1973. Arboviruses in Azerbaijan. Sborn. Trud. Ekol. Virus 1: 119-122.

Gugliemone A.A., Robbins R.G., Apanaskevich D.A., Petney T.N., Estrada-Pena A., Horak I.G., Shao R., Barker

S.C. 2010. The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the world: a list of valid species

names. Zootaxa 2528: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2528.1.1

Gugliemone A.A., Robbins R.G., Apanaskevich D.A., Petney T.N., Estrada-Pena A., Horak I.G. 2014. The Hard

Ticks of the World (Acari: Ixodida: Txodidae). Springer, Dordrecht.

Gür S. 2008. A serologic investigation of blue tongue virus (BTV) in cattle, sheep and Gazella subgutturosa

subgutturosa in southeastern Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 40: 217-221.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-007-9083-4

Ha D.Q., Calisher C.H., Tien P.H., Karabatos N., Gubler D.J. 1995. Isolation of a newly recognized alphavirus

from mosquitoes in Vietnam and evidence for human infection and disease. American Journal of Tropical

Medicine and Hygiene 53: 100-104. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1995.53.100

Habibzadeh S., Mohammadshahi J., Bakhshzadeh A., Moradi-Asl E. 2021. The First Outbreak of Crimean-

Congo hemorrhagic fever disease in northwest of Iran. Acta Parasitologica 66: 1086-1088.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00342-2

Hadinia A., Ilami O., Mousavizadeh A., Akbartabar Tori M., Khosravani S.A. 2012. Seroepidemiology of Crimean-

Congo hemorrhagic fever in high risk professions. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences

22(92): 45-50 (Persian with English abstract).

Hafez S.M., Pollis E.G., Mustafa S.A. 1978. Serological evidence of the occurrence of bluetongue in Iraq. Tropical

Animal Health and Production 10; 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02235316

Hafez S.M., Taylor W.P. 1985. Serotypes of bluetongue virus present in Saudi Arabia. Progress in Clinical and

Biological Research 178: 531-537.

Hafez S.M., Sharif M., Al-Sukayran A., Dela-Cruz D. 1990. Preliminary studies on enzootic bovine leucosis in

Saudi dairy farms. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 97: 61-63.

Haig D.A., Woodall J.P., Danskin D. 1965. Thogoto virus: a hitherto undescribed agent isolated from ticks in

Kenya. Journal of General Microbiology 38: 389-394. https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-38-3-389

Hanafi-Bojd A.A., Motazakker M., Vatandoost H., Dabiri F., Chavshin A.R. 2021. Sindbis virus infection of

mosquito species in the wetlands of northwestern Iran and modeling the probable ecological niches of

SINV vectors in the country. Acta Tropica 220: 105952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105952

Hannoun C., Rau U. 1970. Experimental transmission of certain arboviruses by Argas reflexus reflexus (Fabricius,

1794). Folia Parasitologia 17: 365-366.

Harbach R.E. 1988. The mosquitoes of the subgenus in southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae).

Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 24: vi + 1-236.

414

Harbach R.E. 2023. Mosquito Taxonomy Inventory. http://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info/.

Hart C.A. 2001. Arboviruses. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of Man

and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 48-50.

Hartley W.J., Martin W.B., Hakioglu F., Chifney S.T.E. 1969. A viral encephalitis of sheep in Turkey. Pendik

Institute Journal 2: 89-95.

Hartlaub J., von Arnim F., Fast C., Somova M., Mirazimi A., Groschup M.H., Keller M. 2020. Sheep and cattle

are not susceptible to experimental inoculation with Hazara Orthonairovirus, a tick-borne arbovirus closely

related to CCHFV. Microorganisms 8: 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121927

Harwood R.F., James M.T. 1979. Entomology in Human and Animal Health. Seventh edition. Macmillan Publishin

Co., Inc., New York.

Hasanpour A., Mosakhani F., Mirzaii H., Mostofi S. 2008. Seroprevalence of bluetongue virus infection in sheep

in East-Azarbagan Province in Iran. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3: 1265-1270.

Hasanpour A., Najafi M.S., Khakpour M. 2014. Seroprevalence of bluetongue virus infection in sheep in Tekab

area in Iran. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Science 4: 634-640.

Hashemi M., Manavian M., Nikoo D., Bakhshesh M., Tavan F. 2018. Seroprevalence rate of bluetongue virus

in sheep and goat populations of Fars Province. Iranian Veterinary Journal 14: 112-119 (Persian with

English abstract).

Hashemi M., Bakhshesh M., Manavian M. 2022. Bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpes virus-1 in dairy

cattle herds in Fars Province, southern Iran: seroprevalence and evaluation of risk factors. Archives of

Razi Institute 77: 1621-1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.356904.1941

Hashemian M., Ebrahimi M. 2010. A case report of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever with brucellosis. Journal

of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences 17: 63-66 (Persian with English abstract).

Hassani M., Madadgar O. 2021. Serological evidence of bluetongue in Iran: a meta-analysis study. Veterinary

Sciences: Research and Reviews 7: 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.vsrr/2021/7.1.1.13

Hassanein K.M., El-Azazy O.M.E., Yousef H.M. 1997. Detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

antibodies in humans and imported livestock in Saudi Arabia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical

Medicine and Hygiene 91: 536-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90014-6

Hawkins J.A., Adams W.V., Cook L., Wilson B.H., Roth, E.E. 1973. Role of horse fly (Tabanus fuscicostatus

Hine) and stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) in transmission of equine infectious anemia to ponies in

Louisiana. American Journal of Veterinary Research 34: 1583-1586.

Hayes C.C., Burney M.I. 1981. Arboviruses of public health importance in Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Medical

Association 31: 16-26.

Hayes C.G., Baqar S., Ahmed T., Chowdhry M.A., Reisen W.K. 1982. West Nile virus in Pakistan. 1. Sero-

epidemiological studies in Punjab Province. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and

Hygiene 76: 431-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(82)90130-4

Hazrati A., Taslimi H. 1964. Study on horse sickness virus strains isolated in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute

16: 90-99.

Hazrati A. 1967. Identification and typing of horse-sickness virus strains isolated in the recent epizootic of the

disease in Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Archives of Razi Institute 19: 131-143.

Hazrati A., Kargar Moakhar R., Mahinpoor M., Dayhim, F. 1978. Serological survey on the presence of distribution

of equine infectious anaemia in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 30: 17-23.

Hazrati A., Bazargan T.T., Shahrabadi M.S., Amjadi A.R. 1981. Isolation and characterization of a bovine

herpesvirus 3 from cases of calf pneumonia in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 32: 21-35.

Hedger R.S., Barnett I.T.R., Gray, D.F. 1980. Some virus diseases of domestic animals in the Sultanate of Oman.

Tropical Animal Health and Production 12: 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02242618

Hedayati Z., Varshovi H.R., Mohammadi A., Tabatabaei M. 2021. Molecular characterization

of lumpy skin disease virus in Iran (2014-2018). Archives of Virology 166: 2279-2283.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05119-6

Heinz F.X., Holzmann H. 2001. Tick-borne encephalitis. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-

Transmitted Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 507-512.

Hemida M.G., Perera R.A.P.M., Chu D.K.W., Ko R.L.W., Alnaeem A.A., Peiris M. 2019. West Nile

virus infection in horses in Saudi Arabia (in 2013-2015). Zoonoses Public Health 66: 248-253.

https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12532

415

Hemmatzadeh F., Boardman W., Alinejad A., Hematzade A., Kharazian Moghadam M. 2016. Molecular and

serological survey of selected viruses in free-ranging wild ruminants in Iran. PLOS One 11: 12. e0168756.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168756

Henderson B.E., Metselaar D., Cahill K., Timms G.L., Tukei P.M., Williams M.C. 1968. Yellow fever immunity

surveys in northern Uganda and Kenya and eastern Somalia, 1966-67. Bulletin of the World Health

Organization 38: 229-237.

Hertig M., Sabin A.B. 1955. Chapter IX Sandfly Fever (Pappataci, Phlebotomus, Three-Day Fever). In: Hoff E.C.

(ed). Preventive Medicine in World War II. V. VII. Communicable Diseases. Arthropodborne Diseases Other

Than Malaria. Medical Department, United States Army, The Surgeon General, Washinton, DC. 109-174.

Hess W.R., Endris R.G., Haslett T.M., Monahan M.J., McCoy J.P. 1987. Potential arthropod vectors of African

swine fever virus in North America and the Caribbean basin. Veterinary Parasitology 26: 145-155.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(87)90084-7

Heydari, A., Movahed Danesh M. 2013. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Razavi Khorasan Province of

Iran. Medical Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 56: 85-92 (Persian with English abstract).

Heydari M., Metanat M., Rouzbeh-Far M.A., Tabatabaei S.M., Rakhshani M., Sepehri-Rad N., Keshtkar-Jahromi

M. 2018. Dengue fever as an emerging infection in southeast Iran. American Journal of Tropical Medicine

and Hygiene 98: 1469-1471. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0634

Hoffmann B., Scheuch M., Höper D., Jungblut R., Holsteg M., Schirrmeier H., Eschbaumer M., Goller K.V.,

Wernike K., Fischer M., Breithaupt A., Mettenleiter T.C., Beer, M. 2012. Novel Orthobunyavirus in cattle,

Europe, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18: 469-472. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1803.111905

Hoffman T., Lindeborg M., Barboutis C., Erciyas-Yavuz K., Evander M., Fransson T., Figuerola J., Jaenson

T.G.T., Kiat Y., Lindgren P.-E., Lundkvist Å., Mohamed N., Moutailler S., Nyström F., Olsen B., Salaneck

E. 2018. Alkhurma Hemorrhagic fever virus RNA in Hyalomma rufipes ticks infesting migratory birds,

Europe and Asia Minor. Emerging Infectious Diseases 24: 879-882. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2405.171369

Hoogstraal H. 1966. Ticks in relation to human diseases caused by viruses. Annual Review of Entomology 11:

261-308. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.001401

Hoogstraal H., Oliver R.M., Guirgis S.S. 1970. Larva, nymph, and life cycle of Ornithodoros (Alectorobius)

muesebecki (Ixodoidea: Argasidae), a virus-infected parasite of birds and petroleum industry

employees in the Arabian Gulf [sic]. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63: 1762-1768.

https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/63.6.1762

Hoogstraal H. 1979. The epidemiology of tickborne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and

Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology 15: 307-417. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/15.4.307

Hoogstraal H., Valdez R. 1980. Ticks (Ixodoidea) from wild sheep and goats in Iran and medical and veterinary

implications. Fieldiana Zoology 6: 1-16.

Hoogstraal H. 1981 Changing patterns of tickborne diseases in modern society. Annual Review of Entomology

26: 75-99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.000451

Hoogstraal H. 1985. Argasid and nuttalliellid ticks as parasites and vectors. Advances in Parasitology 24: 135-238.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60563-1

Horton K.C., Fahmy N.T., Watany N., Zayed A., Mohamed A., Ahmed A.A., Rolin P.E., Dueger E.L. 2016.

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and Alkhurma (Alkhumra) virus in ticks in Djibouti. Vector Borne

and Zoonotic Diseases 16: 680-682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2016.1951

Hosseni-Chegeni A., Tavakoli M., Telmadarraiy Z. 2019. The updated list of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae and Argasidae)

occurring in Iran with a key to the identification of species. Systematic and Applied Acarology 24: 2133-

2166. https://doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.11.8

Hosseni-Chegeni A., Tavakoli M. 2020. Argas hermanni Audouin (Acari: Argasidae), a new member of Iranian

tick fauna. Persian Journal of Acarology 9: 173-180. https://doi.org/10.22073/pja.v9i2.58653

Houck M.A., Qin H., Roberts H.R. 2001. Hantavirus transmission: potential role of ectoparasites. Vector Borne

and Zoonotic Diseases 1: 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1089/153036601750137723

Hubálek Z., Cerny V., Rodl P. 1982. Possible role of birds and ticks in the dissemination of Bhanja virus. Folia

Parasitologia 29: 85-9Hubálek Z. 1987. Geographic distribution of Bhanja virus. Folia Parasitologia 34:

77-86.

Hubálek Z., Juricová Z., Halouzka J., Pellantová J., Hudec K. 1989. Arboviruses associated with birds in southern

Moravia, Czechoslovakia. Acta scientiarum naturalium Academiae Scientiarum Bohemicae, Brno 7: 1-50.

416

Hubálek Z. 2008. Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe. Parasitology Research 103 (Suppl 1): 29-43.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1064-7

Hubálek Z., Rudolf I. 2012. Tick-borne viruses in Europe. Parasitology Research 111: 9-36.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-2910-1

Hubálek Z., Rudolf I., Nowotny N. 2014a. Arbovirus pathogenic for domestic and wild animals. Advances in

Virus Research 89: 201-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800172-1.00005-7

Hubalek Z., Sebesta O., Pesko J., Betasova L., Blazejova H., Venclikova K., Rudolf I. 2014b. Isolation of

Tahyna virus (California Encephalitis Group) from Anopheles hyrcanus (Diptera, Culicidae), a mosquito

species new to, and expanding in, central Europe. Journal of Medical Entomology 51: 1264-1267.

https://doi.org/10.1603/ME14046

Humphrey J.M., Al-Absi E.S., Hamdan M.M., Okasha S.S., Al-Trmanini D.M., El-Dous H.G.,

Dargham S.R., Schieffelin J., Abu-Raddad L.J., Nasrallah G.K. 2019. Dengue and chikungunya

seroprevalence among Qatari nationals and immigrants residing in Qatar. PLOS One 14: 1. e0211574.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211574

Hunter P., Wallace D. 2001. Lumpy skin disease in southern Africa: a review of the disease and aspects of control.

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 72: 68-71. https://doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v72i2.619

Hyams K.C., Hanson K., Stephen Wingall F., Escamilla J., Oldfield E.C.III. 1995. The impact of infectious

diseases on the health of U.S. troops deployed to the Persian Gulf during operations Desert Shield and

Desert Storm. Clinical Infectious Diseases 20: 1497-1504. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/20.6.1497

Ibrahim A.M., Adam I.A., Osman B.T., Aradaib I.E. 2015. Epidemiological survey of Crimean Congo

hemorrhagic fever virus in cattle in East Darfur State, Sudan. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 6: 439-444.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.03.002

Ibrahim I.T., Badri A.M., Arbab M.H., Elrasoul R.M.H., Mohamed S.G. 2017. Seroprevalence of Hanta virus IgM

antibody in febrile patients in West Kurdofan State, Sudan. EC Microbiology 11(4): 138-142.

Igarashi A., Tanaka M., Morita K., Takasu T., Ahmed A., Ahmed A., Akram D.S., Anwar Waqar M. 1994.

Detection of West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viral genome sequences in cerebrospinal fluid

from acute encephalitis cases in Karachi, Pakistan. Microbiology and Immunology 38: 827-830.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01866.x

Inci A., Yazar S., Tuncbilek A.S., Canhilal R., Doganay M., Aydin L., Aktas M., Vatansever Z., Ozdarendeli A.,

Ozbel Y., Yildirim A., Duzlu O. 2013. Vectors and vector-borne diseases in Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi

Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 60: 281-296.

Inci A., Yildirim A., Duzlu O., Doganay M., Aksoy S. 2016. Tick-borne diseases in Turkey: a review

based on One Health perspective. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10: 12. e0005021.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005021

Inci A., Doğanay M., Özdarendeli A., Düzlü Ö., Yıldırım A. 2018. Overview of zoonotic diseases

in Turkey: the One Health concept and future threats. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 42: 39-80.

https://doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2018.5701

Im J.H., Baek J.-H., Durey A., Kwon H.Y., Chung M.-H., Lee J.-S. 2020. Geographic distribution

of tick-borne encephalitis virus complex. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 57: 14-22.

https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.308794

Imandar M., Pourbakhsh S., Hassanpour A., Moosakhani F. 2014. Evaluate of efficacy clinical signs, physiological

and environmental factors on the seroprevalence rate of bluetongue virus in sheep flocks. Journal of

Veterinary Medicine and Research 5: 31-41.

Issel C.J. 2001. Equine infectious anaemia. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted

Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 176-178.

Issel C.J., Foil L.D. 2015. Equine infectious anaemia and mechanical transmission: man and the wee beasties.

Revue Scientifique et Technique OIE 34: 513-523.

Izadi S., Holakouie-Naieni K., Madjdzadeh S.R., Chinikar S., Rakhshani F., Nadim A., Hooshmand B. 2003. The

prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran: a serologic

study. Payesh 2: 87-95 (Persian with English abstract).

Izadi S., Holakouie-Naieni K., Madjdzadeh S.R., Nadim A. 2004. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Sistan

and Balouchestan Province of Iran, a case-control study on epidemiological characteristics. International

Journal of Infectious Diseases 8: 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2003.10.008

417

Izadi S., Holakouie-Naieni K., Madjdzadeh S.R., Chinikar S., Nadim A., Rakhshani F., Hooshmand B. 2006.

Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Sistan-va-Baluchistan Province of Iran. Japanese

Journal of Infectious Diseases 59: 326-328.

Izadi M., Salehi H., Chinikar S., Mostafavizadeh K., Darvishi M., Jonaidi N., Ranjbar R., Khorvash F., Bidar R.,

Ataei B. 2007. A geographical distribution survey on CCHF positive antibody ovines of Isfahan Province

in 1383-1384. Journal of Military Medicine 9: 97-102 (Persian with English abstract).

Izri A., Tammam S., Moureau G., Hamrioui B., de Lamballerie X., Charrel R.N. 2008. Sandfly fever Sicilian

virus, Algeria. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14: 795-797. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1405.071487

Jafari A., Rasekh M., Saadati D., Faghihi F., Fazlalipour M., Khakifirouz S., Jalili T., Ahmadi, Z. 2020. Molecular

detection of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in tick vectors in rural areas of eastern Iran. New Findings

in Veterinary Microbiology 3: 1-9 (Persian with English abstract).

Jafari-Shoorijeh S., Ramin A.G., Maclachlan N.J., Osburn B.I., Tamadon A., Behzadi M.A., Mahdavi M.,

Araskhani A., Samani D., Rezajou N., Amin-Pour A. 2010. High seroprevalence of bluetongue virus

infection in sheep flocks in West Azerbaijan, Iran. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious

Diseases 33: 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2008.10.008

Jalili S.M., Rasooli A., Seifi Abad-Shapouri M.R., Daneshi M. 2017. Clinical, hematologic, and biochemical

findings in cattle infected with lumpy skin disease during an outbreak in southwest Iran. Archives of Razi

Institute 72: 255-263.

Javadian E., Mesghali A. 1975. Check-list of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Iran. Bulletin de

la Société de Pathologie Exotique 68: 207-209.

Javadian E., Tesh R., Saidi S., Nadim A. 1977. Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in Iran III. Host-

feeding patterns of Phlebotomus papatasi in an endemic area of the disease. American Journal of Tropical

Medicine and Hygiene 26: 294-298. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.294

Jellison W.L. 1959. Fleas and disease. Annual Review of Entomology 4: 389-414. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.

en.04.010159.002133

Jemeršić L., Dežđek D., Brnić D., Prpić J., Janicki Z., Keros T., Roic B., Slavica A., Terzic S., Konjevic D.,

Beck R. 2014. Detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) derived

from ticks removed from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (Cervus

elaphus) in Croatia. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 5: 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.11.016

Jennings M., Mellor P.S. 1989. Culicoides: biological vectors of akabane virus. Veterinary Microbiology 21:

125-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(89)90024-2

Johnson B.K., Chanas A.C., Squires E.J., Shockley P., Simpson D.I.H., Parsons J., Smith D.H., Casals J. 1980.

Arbovirus isolations from ixodid ticks infesting livestock, Kano Plain, Kenya. Transactions of the Royal

Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74: 732-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(80)90188-1

Johnson G.D., Campbell J.B., Minocha H.C., Broce A.B. 1991. Ability of Musca autumnalis (Diptera:

Muscidae) to Acquire and Transmit Bovine Herpesvirus-1. Journal of Medical Entomology 28: 841-846.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/28.6.841

Jones L.D., Davies C.R., Steel G.M., Nuttall P.A. 1989. Vector capacity of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and

Amblyomma variegatum for Thogoto and Dhori viruses. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 3: 195-202.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00498.x

Jones K.E., Patel N.G., Levy M.A., Storeygard A., Balk D., Gittleman J.L., Daszak P. 2008. Global trends in

emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451 (7181): 990-993. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536

Jorjani S.E. 2001. Zakhireye Kharazmshahi. Islamic Acad. Med. Sci. Iran, Tehran.

Jupp P.G., McIntosh B.M., Dos Santos I. 1981. Laboratory vector studies on six mosquito and one tick species

with chikungunya virus. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75: 15-19.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(81)90005-5

Jupp P.G., McIntosh B.M. 1990. Aedes furcifer and other mosquitoes as vectors of chikungunya virus at Mica,

northeastern Transvaal, South Africa. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 6: 415-420.

Kahana-Sutin E., Klement E., Lensky I., Gottlieb Y. 2017. High relative abundance of the stable fly Stomoxys

calcitrans is associated with lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Israeli dairy farms. Medical and Veterinary

Entomology 31: 150-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12217

Kamali K., Ostovan H., Atamehr A. 2001. A Catalog of Mites and Ticks (Acari) of Iran. Islamic Azad University

Scientific Publication Center, Tehran.

418

Karami Boldaji S., Pourmahdi Borujeni M., Haji Hajikolaei M.R., Seifi Abad Shapouri M.R. 2016. Seroprevalence

and risk factors of Akabane virus infection in cattle from Khouzestan Province of Iran. Iranian Journal

of Virology 10: 14-20.

Karapetyan R.M., Vorobev A.G., Semashko I.V., Matevosyan K.Sh., Vopyan D.S. 1974. A case of Crimean

hemorrhagic fever in Armenian SSR. In: Chumakov M.P. (ed). Medical virology. Trudy Inst. Polio. Virus.

Entsef. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, 22: 260-265 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1115).

Kargar Moakhar R., Taylor W.P., Ghaboussi B., Hessami M. 1988. Serological survey of sheep in Iran for type

specific antibody to bluetongue virus. Archives of Razi Institute 38-39: 92-99.

Kargar Moakhar R., Bokaie S., Akhavizadegan M.A., Charkhkar S., Meshkot M. 2001. Seroepidemological

survey for antibodies against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine herpes 4 viruses among cattle

in different provinces of Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 52: 93-102.

Kargar Moakhar R., Ghorashi S.A., Sadeghi M.R., Morshedi D., Masoudi S., Pourbakhsh S.A. 2003. Detection of

different Iranian isolates of bovine herpes virus type-1 (BHV-1) using polymerase chain reaction. Archives

of Razi Institute 55: 11-18.

Karimi A., Hanafi-Bojd A.A., Yaghoobi-Ershadi M.R., Akhavan A.A., Ghezelbash Z. 2014. Spatial and temporal

distributions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), vectors of leishmaniasis, in Iran. Acta

Tropica 132: 131-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.01.004

Karimpour Somedel A., Varshoiee H.R., Aghaiypour K., Hedayati Z., Aghaebrahimian M. 2019. Phylogenetic

analysis of Iran capripoxvirus isolates during 2013-2016. Veterinary Researches and Biological Products

122: 2-16 (Persian with English abstract).

Kasi K.K., Sas M.A., Sauter-Louis C., von Arnim F., Gethmann J.M., Schulz A., Wernike K., Groschup

M.H., Conraths F.J. 2020. Epidemiological investigations of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

infection in sheep and goats in Balochistan, Pakistan. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 11: 101324.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101324

Kasiri H., Javadian E., Seyedi-Rashti M.A. 2000. Check-list of Phlebotominae sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

of Iran. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 93: 129-130 (French with English abstract).

Kassiri H., Dehghani R. 2020. Hantavirus infections as zoonotic emerging viral diseases: current status with an

emphasis on data from Iran. Entomology and Applied Science Letters 7(4): 9-17.

Kassiri H., Dehghani R., Kasiri M., Dehghani M., Kasiri R. 2020a. A survey on Zika virus infection as a global

emergency, a mosquito-borne flavivirus. Entomology and Applied Science Letters 7: 51-57.

Kassiri H., Dehghani R., Kasiri M., Dehghani M. 2020b. Neglected tropical disease of Rift Valley fever and its

impact on human, and animal health with emphasis on Iran: a review article. Entomology and Applied

Science Letters 7: 68-75.

Kassiri H., Dehghani R., Kasiri M., Dehghani M., Kasiri R. 2020c. A review on the reappearance of Crimean-

Congo hemorrhagic fever, a tick-borne Nairovirus. Entomology and Applied Science Letters 7: 81-90.

Kaveh A.A., Merat E., Samani S., Danandeh R., Soltannezhad S. 2017. Infectious Causes

of Bovine Abortion in Qazvin Province, Iran. Archives of Razi Institute 72: 225-230.

https://doi.org/20.1001.1.03653439.2017.72.4.2.2

Kayedi M.H., Chinikar S., Mostafavi E., Khakifirouz S., Jalali T., Hosseini-Chegeni A., Naghizadeh A., Niedrig

M., Fooks A.R., Shahhosseini N. 2015. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus clade IV (Asia 1) in

ticks of western Iran. Journal of Medical Entomology 52: 1144-1149. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjv081

Kazemimanesh M., Madadgar O., Mahzoonieh M.R., Zahraei-Salehi T., Steinbach F. 2012. A serological study

on bovine leukemia virus infection in ten provinces of Iran between 2010 and 2012. Iranian Journal of

Virology 6: 1-7.

Kenawy M.A., Abdel-Hamid Y.M., Beier J.C. 2018. Rift Valley Fever in Egypt and other African countries:

Historical review, recent outbreaks and possibility of disease occurrence in Egypt. Acta Tropica 181: 40-49.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.015

Keshtkar-Jahromi M., Sajadi M.M., Ansari H., Mardani M., Holakouie-Naini K. 2013. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

fever in Iran. Antiviral Research 100: 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.007

Keshtkar Jahromi M. 2014. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever treatment and preventive strategies. International

Journal of Infection 1: 2. e20310. https://doi.org/10.17795/iji-20310.

419

Khalafalla A.I., Li Y., Uehara A., Hussein N.A., Zhang J., Tao Y., Bergeron E., Ibrahim I.H., Al Hosani M.A.,

Yusof M.F., Alhammadi Z.M., Alyammahi S.M., Gasim E.F., Ishag H.Z.A., Hosani F.A.I., Gerber

S.I., Almuhairi S.S., Tong S. 2021. Identification of a novel lineage of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic

fever virus in dromedary camels, United Arab Emerates. Journal of General Virology 102: 2.

https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001473

Khalesi B., Ebrahimi M.M., Ghodsian N., Kaffashi A., Shahkarami M.K., Ebrahimzadeh M.S. 2019. Evaluation of

efficacy of Razi fowl pox vaccine in comparison with the commercial fowl pox vaccine in SPF chickens

by challenge Test. Iranian Journal of Virology 13: 1-8.

Khalili Gheidariy M., Khalesi B., Ghaderi M., Taghizadeh M., Shahkarami M.K., Motamed N., Karimi Razakani

H. 2020. Evaluation and optimization of chick embryo fibroblasts for production of a fowl pox vaccine

based on cell culture. Iranian Journal of Virology 14: 6-15.

Khalilian M., Hosseini S.M., Madadgar O. 2019. Bovine leukemia virus detected in the breast tissue and blood

of Iranian women. Microbial Pathogenesis 135: 103566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103566

Khan A.S., Maupin G.O., Rollin P.E., Noor A.M., Shurie H.H.M., Shalabi A.G.A., Wasef S., Haddad Y.M.A.,

Sadek R., Ijaz K., Peters C.J., Ksiazek T.G. 1997. An outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in

the United Arab Emirates, 1994-1995. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57: 519-525.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.519

Khan N.A., Azhar E.I., El-Fiki S., Madani H.H., Abuljadial M.A., Ashshi A.M., Turkistani A.M., Hamouh E.A.

2008. Clinical profile and outcome of hospitalized patients during first outbreak of dengue in Makkah,

Saudi Arabia. Acta Tropica 105: 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.09.005

Khan E., Farooq J.Q., Barr K.L., Prakoso D., Nasir A., Kanji A., Shakoor S., Riaz Malik F., Hasari R., Lednicky

J.A., Long M.T. 2016. Flaviviruses as a cause of undifferentiated fever in Sindh Province, Pakistan:

a preliminary report. Frontiers in Public Health 4: 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00008

Khanbabaie, H., Fakur, S., Khezri, M., Mohammadian, B., Rokhzad, B. (2011) Serological survey of bluetongue

disease in sheep of Sanandaj City by ELISA. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5, 11-18.

Khezri M. 2012. Seroprevalence of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep in Kurdistan Province in west of Iran.

International Journal for Agro Veterinary and Medical Sciences 6: 183-188.

Khezri M., Azimi S.M. 2012a. Investigation of bluetongue virus in Kurdish sheep in Kurdistan province of

Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research 6 (35): 6496-6501. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.1247

Khezri M., Azimi S.M. 2012b. Seroprevalence and S7 gene characterization of bluetongue virus in the west of

Iran. Veterinary World 5: 549-555. https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2012.549-555

Khezri M., Azimi S.M. 2013. Epidemiological investigation of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep in Iran.

Veterinary World 6: 122-125. https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2013.122-125

Khezri M., Bakhshesh M. 2014. Investigation of bluetongue in sheep in western Iran with an overview of infection

since 1972. Journal of Scientific Research, Reports 3: 787-798. https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2014/7942

Khoda Karam Tafti A.A., Namdari I. 2000. Clinicopathological study of natural outbreaks of sheep pox in Fars

Province of Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 1: 139-144.

Khoobdel M., Mehrabi Tavana A., Vatandoost H., Abaei M.R. 2008. Arthropod borne diseases in imposed war

during 1980-88. Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 2: 28-36.

Kim S.Y., Jeong Y.E., Yun S.-M., Lee I.Y., Han M.G., Ju Y.R. 2009. Molecular evidence for tick-

borne encephalitis virus in ticks in South Korea. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 23: 15-20.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00755.x

Kindhauser M.K., Allen T., Frank V., Shankar Santhana R., Dye C. 2016. Zika: the origin and

spread of a mosquito-borne virus. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 94: 675-686.

http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.171082

Kirkland P.D. 2015. Akabane virus infection. Revue Scientifique et Technique OIE 34: 403-410.

Kislenko G.S., Korotkov Iu.S., Shmakov L.V. 1987. The meadow tick Dermacentor reticulatus in natural foci of

tick-borne encephalitis in Udmurtia. Parazitologyia 21: 730-735 (Russian with English abstract).

Kitching R.P., Mellor P.S. 1986. Insect transmission of capripoxvirus. Research in Veterinary Science 40: 255-258.

https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(18)30523-x

Klein J.-M., Sureau P., Casals J., Piazak N., Kourouri C., Calvo M.-A. 1979. Isolment du virus Quaranfil en Iran

a partir de tiques Argas vulgaris. Cab. O.R.S.T.O.M., Ser. Ent. Med. Et Parasitol 17: 201-206 (French

with English abstract).

420

Kouhpayeh H. 2019. An overview of complications and mortality of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

International Journal of Infection 6 (2): e91707. https://doi.org/10.5812/iji.91707

Kojouri G.A., Davoodi Z., Momtaz H. 2015. Serological and molecular detection of Akabane virus in Iran. Iranian

Journal of Applied Animal Science 5: 737-740.

Krinsky W.L. 1976. Animal disease agents transmitted by horse flies and deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Journal

of Medical Entomology 13: 225-275. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/13.3.225

Krivanec K., Kopecky J., Tomkova E., Grubhoffer L. 1988. Isolation of TBE virus from the tick Ixodes hexagonus.

Folia Parasitologica 35: 273-276.

Kuhn J.H., Wiley M.R., Rodriguez S.E., Bào Y., Prieto K., Travassos da Rosa A.P.A., Guzman H., Savji N., Ladner

J.T., Tesh R.B., Wada J., Jahrling P.B., A. Bente D.A., Palacios G. 2016. Genomic characterization of the

genus Nairovirus (Family Bunyaviridae). Viruses 8: 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8060164

Kumar S.M. 2011. An outbreak of lumpy skin disease in a Holtein dairy herd in Oman: A clinical report. Asian

Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6: 851-859.

Kurogi H., Akiba K., Inaba Y., Matumoto M. 1987. Isolation of Akabane virus from the biting midge Culicoides

oxystoma in Japan. Veterinary Microbiology 15: 243-248.

Labuda M. 2001. Tahyna virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of Man

and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 482-483.

Labuda M., Nuttall P.A. 2008. Viruses transmitted by ticks. In: Bowman A.S., Nuttall P.A. (eds). Ticks Biology,

Disease and Control. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 253-280.

Lane R.P., Crosskey R.W. 1993. Medical Insects and Arachnids. Chapman and Hall, London.

Larska M., Lechowski L., Grochowska M., Zmudzinski J.F. 2013. Detection of the Schmallenberg virus in

nulliparous Culicoides obsoletus/scoticus complex and C. punctatus - the possibility of transovarial

virus transmission in the midge population and of a new vector. Veterinary Microbiology 166: 467-473.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.015

Lee V.H., Monath T.P., Tomori O., Fagbami A., Wilson D.C. 1974. Arbovirus studies in Nupeko forest, a possible

natural focus of yellow fever virus in Nigeria II. Entomological investigations and viruses isolated.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68: 39-43.

Li F.Q. 1986. Experimental study on natural infection, biting and transovarial transmission of epidemic

haemorrhagic fever virus in gamasid mites. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 7: 200-202 (Chinese).

Li W.J., Wang J.L., Li M.H., Fu S.H., Wang H.Y., Wang Z.Y., Jiang S.Y., Wang X.W., Guo P., Zhao S.-C., Shi

Y., Lu N.-N., Nasci R.S., Tang Q., Liang G.-D. 2010. Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses in the

Qinghai-Tibet plateau-focused on the Qinghai area, China. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and

Hygiene 82:, 705-711. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0649

Lichard M., Kozuch O. 1967. Persistence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in nymphs and adults of Ixodes

arboricola and its transmission to white mice. Acta Virologica 11: 480.

Linley R.J., Hoch A.L., Pinheiro F.P. 1983. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and human health. Journal

of Medical Entomology 20: 347-364. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/20.4.347

Lockwood J.A. 2012. Insects as weapons of war, terror, and torture. Annual Review of Entomology 57: 205-227.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100618

Lotfollahzade S., Nikbakht Brujen G., Mokhber Dezfouli M.R., Mahdavi Pak S., Raoofi A., Tajik P., Mostafavii

E. 2009. Study on the detection of specific antibody (IgG) to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)

virus in blood serum of dairy cows in Khorasan. Journal of Veterinary Research 63: 311-316.

Lotfollahzadeh S., Nikbakht Boroujeni G.R., Mokhber Dezfouli M.R., Bokaei S. 2011. A Serosurvey of Crimean-

Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in dairy cattle in Iran. Zoonoses Public Health 58: 54-59.

Lubinga J.C., Tuppurainen E.S.M., Stoltsz W.H., Ebersohn K., Coetzer J.A.W., Venter E.H. 2013a. Detection of

lumpy skin disease virus in saliva of ticks fed on lumpy skin diseae virus-infected cattle. Experimental

and Applied Acarology 61: 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-013-9679-5

Lubinga J.C., Tuppurainen E.S.M., Mahlare R., Coetzer J.A.W., Stoltsz W.H., Venter E.H. 2013b. Evidence of

transstadial and mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Amblyomma hebraeum ticks.

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 62: 174-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12102

Lubinga J.C., Tuppurainen E.S.M., Coetzer J.A.W., Stoltsz W.H., Venter E.H. 2014a. Evidence of lumpy

skin disease virus over-wintering by transstadial persistence in Amblyomma hebraeum and transovarial

421

persistence in Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks. Experimental and Applied Acarology 62: 77-90.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-013-9721-7

Lubinga J.C., Clift S.J., Tuppurainen E.S.M., Stoltsz W.H., Babiuk S., Coetzer J.A.W., Venter E.H. 2014b.

Demonstration of lumpy skin disease virus infection in Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus

appendiculatus ticks using immunohistochemistry. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 5: 113-120.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.09.010

Luedke A.J., Jochim M.M., Bowne J.G. 1965. Preliminary bluetongue transmission with the sheep ked Melophagus

ovinus (L.). Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine And Veterinary Science 29: 229-231.

Lundström J.O., Pfeffer M. 2010. Phylogeographic structure and evolutionary history of Sindbis virus. Vector-

Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 10: 889-907. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2009.0069

Lvov D.K., Kurbanov M.M., Neronov V.M., Gromashevsky V.L., Skvortsova T.M., Gofman Yu.P., Klimenko

S.M., Berdyev A., Kiseleva N.V., Vatolin V.P., Aristova V.A. 1967. Isolation of Wad Medani arbovirus

from Hyalomma asiaticum Sch. and Schl. 1929 ticks in Turkmen SSR. Medical Parasitology and Parasitic

Diseases 45: 452-455 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1236).

Lvov D.K., Gromashevsky V.L., Sidorova G.A., Tsirkin Yu.M., Chervonsky V.I., Gostinshchikova G.V., Aristova

V.A. 1971. Isolation of a new arbovirus Baku of Kemerovo group from argasid ticks Ornithodoros coniceps

in Azerbaijan. Voprosy Virusologii 16: 434-437 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1401).

Lvov D.K., Karas F.R., Tsyrkin Yu.M., Vargina S.G., Timofeev E.M., Osipova N.Z., Veselovskaya O.V., Grebenyuk

Yu.I., Gromashevski V.L., Fomina K.B. 1974. Batken virus, a new arbovirus isolated from ticks and

mosquitoes in Kirghiz S.S.R. Archiv fur die Gesamte Virusforschung 44: 70-73.

Lvov D.K. 1994. Arboviral Zoonoses of Northern Eurasia (Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent

States). In: Beran G.W. (ed). Handbook of Zoonoses. Section B: Viral. Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca

Raton. 237-260.

Lvov D.K., Alkhovsky S.V., Shchelkanov M.Iu., Shchetinin A.M., Deriabin P.G., Samokhvalov E.I., Gitelman

A.K., Botikov A.G. 2014a. Genetic characterization of the Caspiy virus (CASV) (Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus)

isolated from the Laridae (Vigors, 1825) and Sternidae (Bonaparte, 1838) birds and the Argasidae (Koch,

1844) ticks Ornithodoros capensis Neumann, 1901, in western and eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea.

Voprosy Virusologii 59(1): 24-29 (Russian with English abstract).

Lvov D.K., Alkhovsky S.V., Shchelkanov M.Iu., Shchetinin A.M., Aristova V.A., Gitelman A.K., Deriabin P.G.,

Botikov A.G. 2014b. Taxonomy of previously unclassified Tamdy virus (TAMV) (Bunyaviridae, Nairovirus)

isolated from the Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum Schülce et Schlottke, 1929 (Ixodidae, Hyalomminae) in

the Middle East and Transcaucasia. Voprosy Virusologii 59(2): 15-22 (Russian with English abstract).

Lvov D.K., Alkhovsky S.V., Shchelkanov M.Iu., Deriabin P.G., Shchetinin A.M., Samokhvalov E.I., Aristova V.A.,

Gitelman A.K., Botikov A.G. 2014c. Genetic characterization of the Geran virus (GERV, Bunyaviridae,

Nairovirus, Qalyub group) isolated from the ticks Ornithodoros verrucosus Olenev, Zasukhin and Fenyuk,

1934 (Argasidae) collected in the burrow of Meriones erythrourus Grey, 1842 in Azerbaijan. Voprosy

Virusologii 59(5): 13-18 (Russian with English abstract).

Maan S., Maan N.S., Nomikou K., Batten C., Antony F., Belaganahalli M.N., Samy A.M., Abdel Reda A.,

Al-Rashid S.A., El Batel M., Oura C.A.L., Mertens P.P.C. 2011a. Novel bluetongue virus serotype from

Kuwait. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17: 886-889. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.101742

Maan S., Maan N.S., Nomikou K., Veronesi E., Bachanek-Bankowska K., Belaganahalli M.N., Attoui H., Mertens

P.P.C. 2011b. Complete genome characterisation of a novel 26th bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait.

PLOS One 6: 10. e26147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026147

Maclachlan N.J., Mayo C.E., Daniels P.W., Savini G., Zientara S., Gibbs E.P.J. 2015. Bluetongue. Revue

Scientifique et Technique OIE 34: 329-340.

Madani T.A. 2005. Alkhumra virus infection, a new viral hemorrhagic fever in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection

51: 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.11.012

Maes P., Alkhovsky S.V., Bào Y., Beer M., Birkhead M., Briese T. et al. (2018) Taxonomy of the family

Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: update 2018. Archives of Virology 163: 2295-2310.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3843-5

Maghsood H., Nabian S., Shayan P., Jalali T., Saboor Darbandi M., Ranjbar M.M. 2020. Molecular epidemiology

and phylogeny of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus of ixodid ticks in Khorasan Razavi

Province of Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 14: 400-407. https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i4.5277

422

Mahdavi S, Khedmati K., Pishraft-Sabet L. 2006. Serologic evidence of bluetongue infection in one humped

camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kerman Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 7: 85-87.

Mahdi M., Erickson B.R., Comer J.A., Nichol S.T., Rollin P.E., AlMazroa M.A., Memish Z.A. 2011. Kyasanur

Forest disease virus Alkhurma subtype in ticks, Najran Province, Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious

Diseases 17: 945-947. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.101824

Mahzounieh M., Dincer E., Faraji A., Akin H., Akkutay A.Z., Ozkul A. 2012. Relationship between Crimean-

Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains circulating in Iran and Turkey: possibilities for transborder

transmission. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 12: 782-785. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0928

Malik M.R., Mnzava A., Mohareb E., Zayed A., Al Kohlani A., Thabet A.A.K.,, El Bushra H. 2014.

Chikungunya outbreak in Al-Hudaydah, Yemen, 2011: epidemiological characterization and key lessons

learned for early detection and control. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health 4: 203-211.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2014.01.004

Manavian M., Hashemi M., Nikoo Farhang D., Hosseini S.M.H., Bakhshesh M., Marhamatizade M.H. 2017.

Seroprevalence of bluetongue virus infection and associated risk factors in domestic ruminants in the south

of Iran. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 47: 225-231.

Mardani M. 2019. Two-decade experience of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) management in Iran.

Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases 14: 4. e97887. https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.97887

Marenzoni M.L., Cuteri V., de Parri F., Denzetta M.L., Yilmaz Z., Yarmis C.P., Kennerman E., Or M.E., Marchi

S., Casciari C., de Mia G.M., Valente C., Costarelli S. 2013. A pilot study on the epidemiological status

of equine infectious anaemia, equine viral arteritis, glanders, and dourine in Turkey. Turkish Journal of

Veterinary, Animal Sciences 37: 76-80.

Matevosyan K.Sh., Semashko I.V., Chumakov M.P. 1974. Isolation of Bhanja virus from Dermacentor marginatus

ticks in Armenian SSR. Zh. Eksp. Klin. Med 14: 9-13 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1385).

Matsuno K., Weisend C., Travassos da Rosa A.P.A., Anzick S.L., Dahlstrom E., Porcella S.F., Dorward D.W.,

Yu X.-J., Tesh R.B., Ebihara H. 2013. Characterization of the Bhanja serogroup viruses (Bunyaviridae):

a novel species of the genus Phlebovirus and its relationship with other emerging tick-borne phleboviruses.

Journal of Virology 87: 3719-3728.

McCarthy M.C., Haberberger R.L., Salib A.W., Soliman B.A., El-Tigani A., Khalid I.O., Watts D.M.

1996. Evaluation of arthropod-borne viruses and other infectious disease pathogens as the causes

of febrile illnesses in the Khartoum Province of Sudan. Journal of Medical Virology 48: 141-146.

https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199602)48:2<141::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-9

Mehrabadi F., Ghalyanchilangeroudi A., Charkhkar S., Hosseini H., Zabihipetroudi T., Shayganmehr

A., Esmaeelzadeh Dizaji R., Aghaeean L. 2020. Fowlpox outbreak in a laying farm: up to

date data on phylogenetic analysis in Iran, 2018. Archives of Razi Institute 75: 501-508.

https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2019.124054.1269

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 1999. The seroepidemiological studies of sand fly fever during the imposed war, 1980-88.

Hakim Research Journal 2: 14-17 (Persian).

Mehrabi Tavana A., Javadian E., Nategh R., Shojaei A. 2000. First report of sandfly fever in west of Iran. Journal

of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases 5: 59-62.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2001. The seroepidemiological studies of sand fly fever in Iran during imposed war. Iranian

Journal of Public Health 30: 145-146.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2007. Minireview on sand fly fever. Journal Entomolology 4: 401-403.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2012. Sand fly fever: the disease which must be introduced to doctors, health care workers

and public now. Health Med 6: 3657-3659.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2015. Sandfly fever in the world. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 8: 83-87.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2017a. Sand fly fever with different names. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 11: 171.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2017b. Sand fly fever: an important vector-borne disease for travelers? Annals of Tropical

Medicine and Public Health 10: 13.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2017c. May sandfly fever be seen with leishmaniasis as coinfection or not? Annals of Tropical

Medicine and Public Health 10: 263-264.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2017d. Could sandfly fever be isolated from HIV/AIDS patients as coinfection or not? Annals

of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 10: 1070-1071.

423

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2017e. Can sandfly fever be mistaken with influenza? Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public

Health 10: 1085-1086.

Mehrabi-Tavana A. 2017f. Still sand fly fever is unknown: the disease which must be introduced to medical,

nurse, and health-care workers at their courses in particular in tropical and semitropical regions. Annals

of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 10: 1093-1094.

Mehravaran A., Moradi M., Telmadarraiy Z., Mostafavi E., Moradi A.R., Khakifirouz S., Shah-Hosseini N., Sadat

Rasi Varaie F., Jalali T., Hekmat S., Ghiasi S.M., Chinikar S. 2013. Molecular detection of Crimean-Congo

haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in ticks from southeastern Iran. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 4: 35-38.

Mellor P.S., Boorman J., Jennings M. 1975. The multiplication of African horse-sickness virus in two species of

Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Archives of Virology 47: 351-356.

Mellor P.S., Kitching R.P., Wilkinson, P.J. 1987. Mechanical transmission of capripox virus and African swine

fever virus by Stomoxys calcitrans. Research in Veterinary Science 43: 109-112.

Mellor P.S., Hamblin C., Graham S.D. 1990a. African horse sickness in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary Record 127:

41-42.

Mellor P.S., Boned J., Hamblin C., Graham S.D. 1990b. Isolations of African horse sickness virus from vector

insects made during the 1988 epizootic in Spain. Epidemiology, Infection 105: 447-454.

Mellor P.S. 1994 Epizootiology and vectors of African horse sickness virus. Comparative Immunology,

Microbiology, Infectious Diseases 17: 287-296.

Mellor P.S., Boorman J., Baylis M. 2000. Culicoides biting midges: their role as arbovirus vectors. Annual Review

of Entomology 45: 307-340.

Mellor P.S. 2001a. African horse sickness. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted

Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 3-7.

Mellor P.S. 2001b. Aino virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of Man

and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 23-25.

Mellor P.S. 2001c. Akabane virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of

Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 25-27.

Mellor P.S. 2001d. Bluetongue virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections

of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 78-83.

Mellor P.S. 2001e. Epizotic haemorrhagic disease. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted

Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 174-176.

Mellor P.S., Hamblin C. 2004. African horse sickness. Veterinary Research 35: 445-466.

Mellor P.S., Carpenter S., Harrup L., Baylis M., Mertens P.P.C. 2008. Blutongue in Europe and the

Mediterranean Basin: history of occurrence prior to 2006. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 87: 4-20.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.06.002

Mellor P.S., Baylis M., Mertens P.P.C. 2009. Bluetongue. Academic Press, London.

Memish Z.A., Charrel R.N., Zaki A.M., Fagbo S.F. 2010. Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever—a viral haemorrhagic

disease unique to the Arabian Peninsula. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 36: S53-S57.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.022

Memish Z.A., Albarrak A., Almazroa M.A., Al-Omar I., Alhakeem R., Assiri A., Fagbo S., MacNeil A., Rollin

P.E., Abdullah N., Stephens G. 2011. Seroprevalence of Alkhurma and other hemorrhagic fever viruses,

Saudi Arabia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17: 2316-2318. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1712.110658

Mikryukova T.P., Moskvitina N.S., Kononova Y.V., Korobitsyn I.G., Kartashov M.Y., Tyuten′kov O.Y., Protopopova

E.V., Romanenko V.N., Chausov E.V., Gashkov S.I., Konovalova S.N., Moskvitin S.S., Tupota N.L.,

Sementsova A.O., Ternovoi V.A., Loktev V.B. 2014. Surveillance of tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild

birds and ticks in Tomsk city and its suburbs (Western Siberia). Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 5: 145-151.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.10.004

Mirchamsy H., Hazrati A. 1973. A review of aetiology and pathology of African horsesickness. Archives of Razi

Institute 25: 23-46.

Mirzaei K., Barani S.M., Bokaie S. 2015. A review of sheep pox and goat pox: perspective of their control and

eradication in Iran. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 2: 373-381.

Mirzazadeh A., Matos M., Emadi-Jamali S., Dieter Liebhart D., Hess M. 2021. Atypical manifestation of cutaneous

fowlpox in broiler chickens associated with high condemnation at a processing plant. Avian Diseases 65:

340-345. https://doi.org/10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00025

424

Mirzoeva N.M., Sultanova Z.D., Kanbai I.G., Obukhova V.R., Gaidamovich S.Ya., Sokolova E.I., Kulieva N.M.

1974. Biological properties of West Nile virus strains isolated in Azerbaijan. In: Gaidamovich S.Ya. (ed).

Arboviruses. Sborn. Trud. Inst. Virus. Imeni S.I. Ivanovsky, Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, 1: 119-122 (Russian,

English translation, NAMRU3-T1159).

Mo C.L., Thompson L.H., Homan E.J., Oviedo M.T., Greiner E.C., González J., Sáenz M.R. 1994. Bluetongue

virus isolations from vectors and ruminants in Central America and the Caribbean. American Journal of

Veterinary Research 55: 211-215.

Mohajer F., Sheikh Y., Staji H., Keyvanloo M., Hashemzadeh H. 2019. Evaluation of the seroprevalence of

Akabane and bluetongue viruses using competitive-ELISA in dairy cattle from industrial herds, Semnan

suburb, Iran. Iranian Veterinary Journal 15: 78-84. https://doi.org/10.22055/ivj.2018.101312.1971

Mohamed M.E.H., Mellor P.S., Taylor W.P. 1996. Akabane virus: serological survey of antibodies in livestock in

the Sudan. Revue d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 49: 285-288.

Mohammad M.E., Taylor W.P. 1987. Infection with bluetongue and related orbiviruses in the

Sudan detected by the study of sentinel calf herds. Epidemiology, Infection 99: 533-545.

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800068035

Mohammad M.E., Mellor P. 1990. Further studies on bluetongue and bluetongue-related orbiviruses in the Sudan.

Epidemiology, Infection 105: 619-632. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800048263

Mohammadabadi M.R., Soflaei M., Mostafavi H., Honarmand M. 2011. Using PCR for early diagnosis of

bovine leukemia virus infection in some native cattle. Genetics and Molecular Research 10: 2658-2663.

https://doi.org/10.4238/2011.October.27.2

Mohammadi V., Atyabi N., Nikbakht Brujeni Gh., Lotfollahzadeh S., Mostafavi E. 2011. Seroprevalence of bovine

leukemia virus in some dairy farms in Iran. Global Veterinaria 7: 305-309.

Mohammadi A., Tanzifi P., Nemati Y. 2012. Seroepidemiology of bluetongue disease and risk factors in small

ruminants of Shiraz suburb, Fars Province, Iran. Tropical Biomedicine 29: 632-637.

Mohammadian M., Chinikar S., Telmadarraiy Z., Vatandoost H., Oshaghi M.A., Hanafi-Bojd A.A., Sedaghat

M.M., Noroozi M., Faghihi F., Jalali T., Khakifirouz S., Shahhosseini N., Farhadpour F. 2016. Molecular

assay on Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks (Ixodidae) collected from Kermanshah Province,

western Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 10: 383-393.

Mollazadeh S., Bakhshesh M., Keyvanfar H., Nikbakht Brujeni G. 2022. Identification of cytotoxic T

lymphocyte (CTL) Epitope and design of an immunogenic multi-epitope of bovine ephemeral fever

virus (BEFV) glycoprotein G for vaccine development. Research in Veterinary Science 144: 18-26.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.023

Momtaz H., Nejat S. 2010. Detection of proviral sequences of equine infectious anemia virus in peripheral blood

cells of horses in Iran. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 13: 18-22.

Momtaz H., Nejat S., Souod N., Momeni M., Safari S. 2011. Comparisons of competitive enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay and one step RT-PCR tests for the detection of bluetongue virus in south west of

Iran. African Journal of Biotechnology 10 (36): 6857-6862.

Monath T.P. 2001. Yellow fever. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of

Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 571-577.

Moradi-Asl E., Rassi Y., Hanafi-Bojd A.A., Saghafipour A. 2019. Spatial distribution and infection rate of

leishmaniasis vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Ardabil Province, northwest of Iran. Asian Pacific Journal

of Tropical Biomedicine 9: 181-187. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-1691.258997

Morovati H., Shirvani E., Noaman V., Lotfi M., Kamalzadeh M., Hatami A., Bahreyari M., Shahramyar Z.,

Morovati M.H., Azimi M., Sakhaei D. 2012. Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection

in dairy cattle in Isfahan Province, Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44: 1127-1129.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-0062-4

Morovvati A., Ghalyanchi-Langeroudi A., Soleimani M., Mousavi-Nasab S.D., Majidzadeh A.K. 2012. Emergence

of a new genotype of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Iran. Iranian Journal of Virology 6: 24-29.

Mostafavi E., Chinikar S., Esmaeili S., Bagheri Amiri F., Tabrizi A.M.A., Khakifirouz S. 2012. Seroepidemiological

survey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever among sheep in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Vector-

Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 12: 739-743. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2011.0958

425

Mostafavi E., Haghdoost A.A., Khakifirouz S., Chinikar S. 2013a. Spatial analysis of Crimean Congo

hemorrhagic fever in Iran. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89: 1135-1141.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0509

Mostafavi E., Chinikar S., Moradi M., Bayat N., Meshkat M., Khalili Fard M., Ghiasi S.M. 2013b. A case

report of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in ostriches in Iran. Open Virology Journal 7: 81-83.

https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901307010081

Mostafavi E., Pourhossein B., Chinikar S. 2014. Clinical symptoms and laboratory findings supporting early

diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Journal of Medical Virology 86: 1188-1192.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23922

Mostafavi E., Pourhossein B., Esmaeili S., Bagheri Amiri F., Khakifirouz S., Shah-Hosseini N., Tabatabaei

S.M. 2017. Seroepidemiology and risk factors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever among butchers and

slaughterhouse workers in southeastern Iran. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 64: 85-89.

Moucha J. 1976. Horse-flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of the World Synoptic Catalogue. Acta Entomologica Musei

Nationalis Pragae, Supplementum 7. National Museum (Natural History), Pragae.

Mourya D.T., Yadav P.D., Nyayanit D.A., Majumdar T.D., Jain S., Sarkale P., Shete A. 2019. Characterization

of a strain of quaranfil virus isolated from soft ticks in India. Is quaranfil virus an unrecognized cause of

disease in human and animals?” Heliyon 5: e01368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019e01368

Mousavi S. Haghparast A., Mohammadi G., Tabatabaeizadeh S.E. 2014. Prevalence of bovine leukemia virus

(BLV) infection in the northeast of Iran. Veterinary Research Forum 5: 135-139.

Mozaffari A.A., Khalili M., Yahyazadeh F. 2012. A serological investigation of bluetongue virus in cattle of

south-east Iran. Veterinaria Italiana 48: 41-44.

Mozaffari A.A., Khalili M. 2012. The first survey for antibody against bluetongue virus in sheep flocks

in southeast of Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2(Suppl 3): S1808-S1810.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60499-7

Mozaffari A.A., Sakhaee E., Khalili M., Ardakani A.P. 2013. High seroprevalence of bluetongue virus (BTV)

antibodies in camel in Yazd Province of Iran. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 20: 171-173.

Mozaffari A.A., Khalili M., Sabahi S. 2014. High seroprevalence of bluetongue virus antibodies in

goats in southeast Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 4(Suppl 1): S275-278.

https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014B599

Muhsen R.K. 2012. Seroepidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Basrah. Kufa Journal for Veterinary Medical Sciences

3: 91-95.

Mullen G., Durden L. 2019. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 3rd Edition. Academic Press, Burlington.

Mustafa A.S., Elbishbishi E.A., Grover S., Pacsa A.S., Al-Enezi A.A., Chaturvedi U.C. 2001. A study of dengue

imported to Kuwait during 1997-1999. Acta Virologica 45: 125-128.

Naderi H.R., Sheybani F., Bojdi A., Khosravi N., Mostafavi I. 2013. Fatal nosocomial spread of Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever with very short incubation period. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

88: 469-471. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0337

Najarnezhad V., Rajae M. 2013. Seroepidemiology of bluetongue disease in small ruminants of north-east of Iran.

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 3: 492-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60102-1

Namazi F., Khodakaram Tafti A. 2021. Lumpy skin disease, an emerging transboundary viral disease: a review.

Veterinary Medicine and Science 7: 888-896. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.434

Nashed N.W., Olson J.G., El-Tigani A. 1993. Isolation of Batai virus (Bunyaviridae: Bunyavirus) from the blood

of suspected malaria patients in Sudan. Americam Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48: 676-681.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.676

Nasirian H. 2019. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) seroprevalence: a systematic review and meta-

analysis. Acta Tropica 196: 102-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.019

Nasirian H. 2020. New aspects about Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) cases and associated fatality

trends: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology, Infectious

Diseases 69: 101429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101429

Navai S. 1974. Studies of the Culicoides of Iran. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 49: 645-648.

https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1974495645

Naumov R.L., Gutova V.P. 1984. Experimental study of the participation of gamasid mites and fleas in circulating

the tick-borne encephalitis virus (a review). Parazitologyia 18: 106-115 (Russian).

426

Nekoei S., Taktaz Hafshejani T., Doosti A., Khamesipour F. 2015a. Molecular detection of bovine leukemia virus

in peripheral blood of Iranian cattle, camel and sheep. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18: 703-707.

Nekoei S., Fattahian A., Momeni H., Raki A. 2015b. Advances in Schmallenberg virus research: a review.

Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 12: 931-938.

Niazi S.K., Alam M., Yazdani M.S., Ghani E., Rathore M.A. 2017. Nucleic acid amplification test for detection

of West Nile virus infection in Pakistani blood donors. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad 29:

547-550.

Nikbakht G., Tabatabaei S., Lotfollahzadeh S., Nayeri Fasaei B., Alireza Bahonar A., Khormali M. 2015.

Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine leukaemia virus in

Iranian cattle and associations among studied agents. Journal of Applied Animal Research 43: 22-25.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2014.883995

Nikbakht Brujeni G., Poorbazargani T., Nadin-Davis S., Tolooie M., Barjesteh N. 2010. Bovine immunodeficiency

virus and bovine leukemia virus and their mixed infection in Iranian Holstein cattle. Journal of Infection

in Developing Countries 4: 576-579.

Nikolaev V.P., Perepelkin V.S., Raevski K.K., Prusakova Z.M. 1991. A natural focus of sandfly fever in the

Republic of Afghanistan. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii 3: 39-41 (Russian).

Nikoonejad A.R., Bijani B. 2016. Report of the first case of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever in Qazvin Province

(2016). Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences 20: 67-73 (Persian with English abstract).

Nikookar S.H., Fazeli-Dinan M., Azari-Hamidian S., Mousavi Nasab S.N., Aarabi M., Ziapour S.P., Enayati A.,

Hemingway J. 2018. Fauna, ecological characteristics, and checklist of the mosquitoes in Mazandaran

Province, northern Iran. Journal of Medical Entomology 55: 634-645. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx228

Nikookar S.H., Fazeli-Dinana M., Enayati A., Zaim M. 2020. Zika; a continuous global threat to public health.

Environmental Research 188: 109868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109868

Nili S., Khanjani N., Jahani Y., Bakhtiari B. 2020. The effect of climate variables on the incidence of

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Zahedan, Iran. BMC Public Health 20: 1893.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09989-4

Njeumi F., Taylor W., Diallo A., Miyagishima K., Pastoret P.-P., Vallat B., Traore M. 2012. The long journey:

a brief review of the eradication of rinderpest. Revue Scientifique et Technique OIE 31: 729-746.

https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.31.3.2157

Noaman V., Kargar-Moakhar R., Shahmoradi A.H., Heidari M.R., Tabatabaei J., Nabinejad A.R. 2008. Use of

competitive ELISA for serological detection of bluetongue virus antibody in sheep and goats of Isfahan

province, Iran. Animal Science Journal 21: 39-48.

Noaman V., Shirvani E., Hosseini S.M., Shahmoradi A.H., Heidari M.R., Raiszadeh H., Kamalzadeh M., Bahreyari

M. 2013. Serological surveillance of bluetongue virus in cattle in central Iran. Veterinaria Italiana 49:

141-144.

Noaman V., Arzani H. 2017. Environmental and host factors affecting seroprevalence of bluetongue virus infections

of sheep. Comparative Clinical Pathology 26: 397-403.

Noaman V., Nabinejad A.R. 2020. Seroprevalence and risk factors assessment of the three main infectious agents

associated with abortion in dairy cattle in Isfahan Province, Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production

52: 2001-2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02207-8

Noorbakhsh F., Abdolmohammadi K., Fatahi Y., Dalili H., Rasoolinejad M., Rezaei F., Salehi-Vaziri M., Shafiei-

Jandaghi N.Z., Gooshki E.S., Zaim M., Nicknam M.H. 2019. Zika virus infection, basic and clinical

aspects: a review article. Iranian Journal of Public Health 48: 20-31.

Norian R., Afzal Ahangran N., Varshovi H.R., Azadmehr A. 2016. Evaluation of humoral and cell-mediated

immunity of two capripoxvirus vaccine strains against lumpy skin disease virus. Iranian Journal of Virology

10: 1-11.

Noroozikia S., Pourmahdi-Borujeni M., Haji Hajikolaei M.R., Seifi M.R. 2014. Seroepidemiological survey of

bluetongue disease in sheep in Khuzestan Province. Iranian Veterinary Journal 10: 103-111 (Persian with

English abstract).

Norouzi B., Hanafi-Bojd A.A., Moin-Vaziri V., Noorallahi A., Azari-Hamidian S. 2020. An inventory of the

sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Rudbar County, a new focus of leishmaniasis in northern Iran,

with a taxonomic note on the subgenus Larroussius. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 14: 302-316.

https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i3.4564

427

Nosek J., Ciampor F., Kozuch O., Rajcani J. 1972. Localization of tick-borne encephalitis virus in alveolar cells of

salivary glands of Dermacentor marginatus and Haemaphysalis inermis ticks. Acta Virologica 16: 493-497.

Nosek J., Kožuch O. 1985. Replication of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks Dermacentor marginatus.

Angewandte Parasitologie 26: 97-101.

Nsoesie E.O., Kraemer M.U., Golding N., Pigott D.M., Brady O.J., Moyes C.L., Johansson M.A.,

Gething P.W., Velayudhan R., Khan K., Hay S.I., Brownstein J.S. 2016. Global distribution

and environmental suitability for chikungunya virus, 1952 to 2015. Eurosurveillance 21: 20.

https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.20.30234

Nuttall P.A. 2001. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-

Transmitted Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 126-132.

Oldfield III E.C., Rodier G.R., Gray G.C. 1993. The Endemic Infectious Diseases of Somalia. Clinical infectious

diseases 16(Suppl. 3): S132-S157.

Olsen A.S., Hansen M.F., Rasmussen T.B., Belsham G.J., Bødker R., Bøtner A. 2018a. Survival and localization

of African swine fever virus in stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) after feeding on viremic blood using

a membrane feeder. Veterinary Microbiology 222: 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.010

Olsen A.S., Lohse L., Hansen M.F., Boklund A., Halasa T., Belsham G.J., Rasmussen T.B., Bøtner A., Bødker R.

2018b. Infection of pigs with African swine fever virus via ingestion of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans).

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65: 1152-1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12918

Oncul O., Atalay Y., Onem Y., Turhan V., Acar A., Uyar Y., Caglayik D.Y., Ozkan S., Gorenek L.

2011. Hantavirus infection in Istanbul, Turkey. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17: 303-304.

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1702.100663

Oryan A., Amrabadi O., Mohagheghzadeh M. 2014. Seroprevalence of bluetongue in sheep and goats in southern

Iran with and overview of four decades of its epidemiological status in Iran. Comparative Clinical Pathology

23: 1515-1523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1815-4

Osman H.A.M., Eltom K.H., Musa N.O., Bilal N.M., Elbashir M.I., Aradaib I.E. 2013. Development and evaluation

of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

in Sudan. Journal of Virological Methods 190: 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.03.004

Owaysee Oskooei H., Eini P., Nasiroghli Khiyabani F. 2008. A pregnant woman with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

fever. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine (Former Scientific Journal of Hamedan University of Medical

Sciences) 14: 64-67 (Persian with English abstract).

Oya A., Okuno T., Ogata T., Kobayashi I., Matsuyama T. 1961. Akabane, a new arbor virus isolated in Japan.

Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 14: 101-108.

Pacsa A.S., Elbishbishi E.A., Chaturvedi Chu K.Y., Mustafa A.S. 2002. Hantavirus-specific antibodies

in rodents and human living in Kuwait. FEMS Immunology, Medical Microbiology 33: 139-142.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00583.x

Pacsa A.S., Chaturvedi U.C., Mustafa A.S. 2003. Seroprevalence of three emerging arboviral infections in Kuwaiti

nationals. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9: 266-273. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/119274

Pages N., Talavera S., Verdun M., Pujol N., Valle M., Bensaid A., Pujol J. 2018. Schmallenberg virus detection

in Culicoides biting midges in Spain: first laboratory evidence for highly efficient infection of Culicoides

of the Obsoletus complex and Culicoides imicola. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65: 1-6.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12653

Palacios G., Savij N., da Rosa A.T., Guzman H., Yu X., Desai A., Rosen G.E., Hutchinson S., Lipkin W.I., Tesh

R. 2013. Characterization of the Uukuniemi virus group (Phlebovirus: Bunyaviridae): evidence for seven

distinct species. Journal of Virology 87: 3187-3195. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02719-12

Parhizgari N., Gouya M.M., Mostafavi E. 2017. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in Iran. Iran

Journal of Microbiology 9: 122-142.

Parhizgari N., Piazak N., Mostafavi E. 2021. Vector-borne diseases in Iran: epidemiology and key challenges.

Future Microbiology 16: 51-69. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2019-0306

Pavri K.M., Anandarajah M., Hermon Y.E., Nayar M., Wikramsinghe M.R., Dandawate C.N. 1976. Isolation of

Wanowrie virus from brain of a fatal human case from Sri Lanka. Indian Journal of Medical Research

64: 557-561.

428

Pasandideh R., Seyfi Abad Shapouri M.R., Beigi Nassiri M.T. 2018a. Immunogenicity of a plasmid DNA vaccine

encoding G1 epitope of bovine ephemeral fever virus G glycoprotein in mice. Onderstepoort Journal of

Veterinary Research 85: 1.

Pasandideh R., Beigi Nassiri M.T., Seyfi Abad Shapouri M.R. 2018b. Expression of the G1 epitope of bovine

ephemeral fever virus G glycoprotein gene by pET24-G1 recombinant construct in Escherichia coli. Iranian

Veterinary Journal 15: 15-24 (Persian with English abstract).

Pasandideh R., Beigi Nassiri M.T., Seyfi Abad Shapouri M.R., Fayazi J., Roshanfekr H., Lotfi M. 2018c. Designing

of the expressing eukaryotic plasmid of the G1 epitope of bovine ephemeral fever virus G glycoprotein

in human embryonic kidney cells. Iranian Veterinary Journal 15: 19-27 (Persian with English abstract).

https://doi.org/10.22055/ivj.2017.60443.1793

Pasandideh R., Seyfi Abad Shapouri M.R., Beigi Nassiri M.T. 2019a. Production of monoclonal antibody against

prokaryotically expressed G1 protein of bovine ephemeral fever virus. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal

Science 9: 51-57.

Pasandideh R., Beigi Nassiri M.T., Seyfi Abad Shapouri M.R. 2019b. Expression of the G1 epitope of bovine

ephemeral fever virus G glycoprotein gene by pET24-G1 recombinant construct in Escherichia coli. Iranian

Veterinary Journal 15: 15-24. https://doi.org/10.22055/ivj.2018.83203.1902

Peiris J.S.M., Amerasinghe P.H., Amerasinghe F.P., Calisher C.H., Parakrama Perera L., Arunagiri

C.K., Munasingha N.B., Parakrama Karunaratne S.H.P. 1994. Viruses isolated from mosquitoes

collected in Sri Lanka. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51: 154-161.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.154

Peiris J.S.M. 2001. Nairobi sheep disease. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted

Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 364-368.

Pfeffer M. 2001. Semliki forest virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections

of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 462-464.

Pilvari M., Goldasteh Sh., Modarres Najafabadi S.S. 2016. Faunestic study of biting midge (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae) from Markazi Province, Iran. IAU Entomological Research Journal 8: 15-23.

Plowright W., Perry C.T., Peirce M.A. 1970. Transovarial infection with African swine fever virus in the

argasid tick, Ornithodoros moubata porcinus, Walton. Research in Veterinary Science 11: 582-584.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(18)34259-0

Polat M., Takeshima S.-N., Aida, Y. 2017. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus. Virology

Journal 14: 209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0876-4

Pouriayevali M.H., Rezaei F., Jalali T., Baniasadi V., Fazlalipour M., Mostafavi E., Khakifirouz S., Mohammadi

T., Fereydooni Z., Tavakoli M., Azad-Manjiri S., Hosseini M., Ghalejoogh M., Gouya M.M., Failloux

A.-B., Salehi-Vaziri M. 2019. Imported cases of Chikungunya virus in Iran. BMC Infectious Diseases 19:

1004. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4637-4

Presti R.M., Zhao G., Beatty W.L., Mihindukulasuriya K.A., Travassos da Rosa A.P.A., Popov V.L., Tesh R.B.,

Virgin H.W., Wang, D. 2009. Quaranfil, Johnston Atoll, and Lake Chad viruses are novel members of

the family Orthomyxoviridae. Journal of Virology 83: 11599-11606. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00677-09

Pukhovskaya N.M., Morozova O.V., Vysochina N.P., Belozerova N.B., Bakhmetyeva S.V., Zdanovskaya N.I.,

Seligman S.J., Ivanov L.I. 2018. Tick-borne encephalitis virus in arthropod vectors in the Far East of

Russia. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 9: 824-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.01.020

Qassem M.A.M., Jaawal A.A.T. 2014. Dengue fever or West Nile virus outbreak? Yemen 2013. International

Journal of Infectious Diseases 21: 457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1364

Rafyi A., Mirchamsy H. 1956. Seven years control of sheep pox in Iran with an adsorbed tissue vaccine on

aluminium gel. British Veterinary Journal 112: 541.

Rafyi A., Ramyar H. 1959. Goat pox in lran serial passage in goats and the developing egg, and relationship with

sheep pox. Archives of Razi Institute 11: 57-64.

Rafyi A. 1961. Horse-sickness. Archives of Razi Institute 13: 60-106.

Rahbari S., Nabian S., Shayan P. 2007. Primary report on distribution of tick fauna in Iran. Parasitology Research

101 (Suppl 2): S175-S177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0692-7

Rahimi P., Sohrabi A., Ashrafihelan J., Edalat R., Alamdari M., Masoudi M., Mostofi S., Azadmanesh K. 2010.

Emergence of African swine fever virus, northwestern Iran. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16: 1946-1948.

doi: 10.3201/eid1612.100378

429

Ramezankhani R., Kaveh F. 2014. Data and Statistics of Communicable Disease during 1385-1390. Andishmand

Press, Tehran (Persian).

Ramyar H., Hessami M., Ghaboussi B. 1974. Goat pox: immunogenicity of vaccine virus modified in cell culture.

Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire 150: 131-133 (French).

Rao T.R. 1964. Vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses: a brief review. Indian Journal of Medical Research

52: 719-726.

Rao T.V.S., Bandyopadhyay S.K. 2000. A comprehensive review of goat pox and sheep pox and their diagnosis.

Animal Health Research Reviews 1: 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252300000116

Raoofi A., Hemmatzadeh F., Ghanaei A.M. 2012a. Serological survey in camels (Camelus dromedarius) to detect

antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type-1 and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in Iran. Journal

of Camel Practice and Research 19: 65-68.

Raoofi R., Pourahmad M., Nazer M.R., Pournia Y., Chinikar S. 2012b. Case series of Crimean-Congo disease:

an outbreak in south of Fars, Iran. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences 14: 96-100 (Persian

with English abstract).

Rasekh M., Sarani A., Hashemi S.H. 2018. Detection of Schmallenberg virus antibody in equine population of

northern and northeast of Iran. Veterinary World 11: 30-33. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.30-33

Rasekh M., Sarani A., Jafari A. 2022. First detection of Schmallenberg virus antibody in cattle population of

eastern Iran. Veterinary Research Forum 13: 443-446. https://doi.org/10.30466/vrf.2021.135144.3032

Ravaomanana J., Michaud V., Jori F., Andriatsimahavandy A., Roger F., Albina E., Vial L. 2010. First detection of

African swine fever virus in Ornithodoros porcinus in Madagascar and new insights into tick distribution

and taxonomy. Parasites and Vectors 3: 115. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-115

Rezatofighi S.E., Mirzadeh K., Mahmoodi F. 2022. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of bovine

ephemeral fever viruses in Khuzestan Province of Iran in 2018 and 2020. BMC Veterinary Research 18:

19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-03119-x

Ready P.D. 2013. Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents. Annual Review of Entomology

58: 227-250. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153557

Reinert J.F. 2009. List of abbreviations for currently valid generic-level taxa in family Culicidae (Diptera).

European Mosquito Bulletin 27: 68-76.

Reisen W.K., Hayes C.G., Azra K., Niaz S., Mahmood F., Parveen T., Boreham P.F.L. 1982. West Nile virus in

Pakistan. II. Entomological studies at Changa Manga National Forest, Punjab Province. Transactions of the

Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76: 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(82)90131-6

Reuben R., Tewari S.C., Hiriyan J., Akiyama J. 1994. Illustrated keys to species of Culex (Culex) associated with

Japanese encephalitis in Southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 26: 75-96.

Rezaei F., Rezazadeh A., Moghaddami M., Mir Ahmadizadeh A.R., Rezazadeh F. 2012. Reported 5 cases of

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Fars Province in 2011. Iranian South Medical Journal 3: 241-247

(Persian with English abstract).

Rezazadeh F., Chinikar S., Bageri Amiri F. 2012. A seroprevalance survey of anti CCHFV IgG by ELISA in

sheep from some area in northwest of Iran. Global Veterinaria 9: 655-658.

Rezazadeh F., Chinikar S., Bageri Amiri F. 2013. Seroprevalance survey of anti-CCHFV IgG by ELISA

in sheep from some area in northwest of Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal 28: 1757-1760.

https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.28.11.1724

Rezazadeh F., Hosseinzadeh N., Khodabande E., Ezazi A. 2016. Seroprevalence of equine infectious anemia virus

in Iran. Online Journal of Veterinary Research 20: 596-601.

Rezza G., El-Sawaf G., Faggioni G., Vescio F., Al Ameri R., De Santis R., Helaly G., Pomponi A.,

Metwally D., Fantini M., Qadi H., Ciccozzi M, Lista F. 2014. Co-circulation of dengue and

chikungunya viruses, Al Hudaydah, Yemen, 2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20: 1351-1354.

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2008.131615

Riddle M.S., Althoff J.M., Earhart K., Monteville M.R., Yingst S.L., Mohareb E.W., Putnam S.D.,

Sanders J.W. 2008. Serological evidence of arboviral infection and self-reported febrile

illness among U.S. troops deployed to Al Asad, Iraq. Epidemiology, Infection 136: 665-669.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807009016

Rodhain F., Madulo-Leblond G., Hannoun C., Tesh R.B. 1985. Le virus Corfou: un nouveau Phlebovirus isole

de phlebotomes en Grece. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Virologie 136E: 161-166.

430

Rodriguez L.L., Maupin G.O., Ksiazek T.G., Rollin P.E., Khan A.S., Schwarz T.F., Lofts R.S., Smith J.F., Noor

A.M., Peters C.J., Nichol S.T. 1997. Molecular investigation of a multisource outbreak of Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57:

512-518. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1997.57.512

Roeder P., Mariner J., Kock R. 2013. Rinderpest: the veterinary perspective on eradication. Philosophical

Transactions of the Royal Society B 368: 20120139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0139

Sabaghan M., Pourmahdi-Borujeni M., Seifi Abad Shapouri M., Rasooli A. Norouzi M., Samimi S., Mansouri S.

2014. Seroprevalence of bluetongue in sheep in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. Veterinary

Research Forum 5: 325-328.

Sadat Mousavi F., Ghalyanchilangeroudi A., Abdollahi H., Hosseini H., Rajeoni A., Aghayian L., Ghorani M.,

Gholamian B., Modiri A., Sadri N., Ziafati Kafi Z. 2019. Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of

avipoxvirus causing outbreaks in Iran, 2019. Iranian Journal of Virology 13: 29-34.

Sadeghi M., Asgharzadeh S.A., Bayani M., Alijanpour E., Javaniyan M., Jabbari A. 2013. Crimean Congo

hemorrhagic fever appearance in the north of Iran. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine 4: 617-620.

Sadri R., Fallahi R. 2010. A new approach to develop a vaccine against capropox infection in sheep and goats

using a new strain of sheep pox virus in Iran. International Journal of Veterinary Research 4: 221-224.

Sadri R. 2012a. Seasonal effects on the prevalence of bluetongue in small ruminants in West Azarbaijan, Iran.

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 6: 19-22.

Sadri R. 2012b. A new way of occurrence and serodiagnosis for infectious bovine rhinotrchitis in Iranian cattle

herds. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 6: 99-103.

Sadri R. 2012c. Prevalence and economic significance of goat pox virus disease in semi-arid provinces of Iran.

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 6: 187-190.

Safarpoor Dehkordi F., Haghighi N., Momtaz H., Salari Rafsanjani M., Momeni M. 2013. Conventional vs

real-time PCR for detection of bovine herpes virus type 1 in aborted bovine, buffalo and camel fetuses.

Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 16: 102-111.

Saghafipour A., Noroozi M., Zia sheikholeslami N., Haidarpour A. 2012a. A rare case of Crimean-Congo

Hemorrhagic fever. Journal of Army University of Medical Sciences 10: 180-184 (Persian with English

abstract).

Saghafipour A., Norouzi M., Zia Sheikholeslami N., Mostafavi R. 2012b. Epidemiologic status of the patients

with Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and its associated risk factors. Iranian Journal of Military Medicine

14: 1-5 (Persian with English abstract).

Saidi S. 1974. Viral antibodies in preschool children from the Caspian area, Iran. Iranian Journal of Public

Health 3: 83-91.

Saidi S. 1975. Survey for antibodies to arboviruses in various animals in Iran. 3rd International Congress of

Virology, Madrid, Sep 1975, 3, 274.

Saidi S., Casals J., Faghih M. 1975. Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus antibodies in man, and in

domestic and small mammals in Iran. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24: 353-357.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.353

Saidi S., Tesh R., Javadian E., Sahabi Z., Nadim A. 1977. Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever

in Iran II. The prevalence of human and animal infection with five Phlebotomus fever virus

serotypes in Isfahan Province. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26: 288-293.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.288

Sailleau C., Hamblin C., Paweska J.T., Zientara S. 2000. Identification and differentiation of the nine African horse

sickness virus serotypes by RT-PCR amplification of the serotype-specific genome segment 2. Journal of

General Virology 81: 831-837. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-3-831

Sakhaee E., Khalili M., Kazemi nia S. 2009. Serological study of bovine viral respiratory diseases in dairy herds

in Kerman province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University 10: 49-53.

Saleem M., Tanvir M., Akhtar M.F., Saleem A. 2020. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: etiology, diagnosis,

management and potential alternative therapy. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 13: 143-151.

https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.280221

Saleem T., Akhtar H., Jamal S.B., Maryam F., Faheem M. 2022. Zika Virus from the perspective

of observational studies: a review. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 16: 262-277.

https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i4.12188

431

Salehi-Vaziri M., Fazlalipour M., Baniasadi V. 2016. Solving the mystery of dengue in Iran; are we close to an

answer? Iranian Journal of Virology 10: 39-40.

Salehi-Vaziri M., Kaleji A.S., Fazlalipour M., Jalali T., Mohammadi T., Khakifirouz S., Baniasadi V., Pouriayevali

M.H., Mahmoudi A., Tordo N., Mostafavi E. 2019. Hantavirus infection in Iranian patients suspected to

viral hemorrhagic fever. Journal of Medical Virology 91: 1737-1742. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25522

Salehi-Vaziri M., Pouriayevali M.H., Azad-Manjiri S., Ahmadi Vasmehjani A., Baniasadi V., Fazlalipour M. 2020.

The seroprevalence of tick-borne encephalitis in rural population of Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran

(2018 - 2019). Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases 15: 1. e98867. https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.98867

Salehi-Vaziri M., Sarvari J., Mansurnejadan M., Shiri A., Joharinia N., Khoshbakht R., Jaberi O., Pouriayevali

M.H., Azad-Manjiri S., Jalali T., Fazlalipour M., Hosseini S.Y. 2021. Evidence of Hantavirus

circulation among municipal street sweepers, southwest of Iran. Virus Disease 32: 251-254.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-021-00694-3

Salim A.R, Porterfield J.S. 1973. A serological survey on arbovirus antibodies in the Sudan. Transactions of the

Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67: 206-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(73)90145-4

Salim Abadi Y., Chinikar S., Telmadarraiy Z., Vatandoost H., Moradi M., Oshaghi M.A., Ghiasi S.M. 2011.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Yazd province, Iran.

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 4: 61-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60034-5

Sameea Yousefi P., Mardani K., Dalir-Naghadeh B., Jalilzadeh-Amin G. 2017. Epidemiological study of lumpy

skin disease outbreaks in north-western Iran. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 64: 1782-1789. https://

doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12565

Sameea Yousefi P., Dalir-Naghadeh B., Mardani K., Jalilzadeh-Amin G. 2018. Phylogenetic analysis of the lumpy

skin disease viruses in northwest of Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 50: 1851-1858. https://

doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1634-3

Samour J.H., Kaaden O.-R., Wernery U., Baily T.A. 1996. An epornitic of avian pox in houbara bustards:

(Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 43: 287-292.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00316.x

Sawal H.A., Niazi S.K., Ghani E., Noor M. 2021. Phylogenetic and sequencing analysis of Chikungunya

virus strains from local Pakistani population. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association 71: 2335-2339.

https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.01-166

Schwarz T.E., Nsanze H., Ameen A.M. 1997. Clinical features of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the

United Arab Emirates. Infection 25: 364-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01740819

Scrimgeour E.M., Zaki A., Mehta F.R., Abraham A.K., Al-Busaidy S., El-Khatim H., Al-Rawas S.F.S., Kamal

A.M., Mohammed A.J. 1996. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Oman. Transactions of the Royal

Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90: 290-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90254-0

Scrimgeour E.M., Mehta F.R., Suleiman A.J.M. 1999. Infectious and tropical diseases in Oman: a review. American

Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61: 920-925. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.920

Secombe A.K., Ready P.D., Huddleston L.M. 1993. A Catalogue of Old World Phlebotomine Sandflies (Diptera:

Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology No. 8, The Natural History

Museum, London.

Sedaghat M.M., Sarani M., Chinikar S., Telmadarraiy Z., Salahi Moghaddam A., Azam K., Nowotny N., Fooks

A.R., Shahhosseini N. 2017. Vector prevalence and detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

in Golestan Province, Iran. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 54: 353-357.

Segard A., Gardes L., Jacquier E., Grillet C., Mathieu B., Rakotoarivony I., Setier-Rio M.-L., Chavernac D.,

Cetre-Sossah C., Balenghien T., Garros C. 2018. Schmallenberg virus in Culicoides Latreille (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae) populations in France during 2011-2012 outbreak. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

65: 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12686

Semashko I.V., Matevosyan K.Sh., Pivanova G.P., Chumakov M.P. 1973. Isolation of Bhanja virus from

Dermacentor marginatus ticks collected from sheep in the area of Sevan Lake, Armenia. Trudy Inst.

Polio. Virus. Entsef. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, 21: 160-164 (Russan, English translation, NAMRU3-T1216).

Semashko I.V., Chumakov M.P., Safarov R.K., Tkachenko E.A., Bashkirtsev V.N., Chunikhin S.P. 1974. Isolation

and identification of Crimean hemorrhagic fever and Dhori viruses from Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum

ticks collected in Azerbaijan SSR. In: Chumakov M.P. (ed). Medical virology. Trudy Inst. Polio. Virus.

Entsef. Akad. Med Nauk SSSR, 22: 57-60 (Russian, English translation, NAMRU3-T1031).

432

Sendow I., Sukarshi, Soleha E., Pearce M., Bahri S., Daniels P.W. 1996. Bluetobgue virus research in Indonesia.

In: St George T.D., Peng K. (eds). Bluetongue Disease in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR, Canberra.

28-32.

Sevik M., Dogan M. 2017. Epidemiological and molecular studies on lumpy skin disease outbreak in Turkey

during 2014-2015. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 64: 1268-1279. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12501

Seyfi Abad Shapouri M., Ghiami Rad M., Haji Hajikolaei M.R., Mahmoodi P., Karami A., Daghari M. 2016.

Isolation of Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) From Latently Infected/Carrier Cattle in Ahvaz. Iranian Journal

of Ruminants Health Research 1: 11-20.

Sezen A.I., Yildirim M., Kultur M.N., Pehlivanoglu F., Menemenlioglu D. 2018. Cases of Zika virus

infection in Turkey: newly married couple returning from Cuba. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni 52: 308-315.

https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.66991

Shafei E., Dayer M.S., Telmadarraiy Z. 2016. Molecular epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

in ticks in northwest of Iran. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 4: 150-154.

Shah K.V., Work T.H. 1969. Bhanja virus: a new arbovirus from ticks Haemaphysalis intermedia Warburton and

Nuttall, 1909 in Orissa, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 57: 793-798.

Shah S.Z., Jabbar B., Ahmed N., Rehman A., Nasir H., Nadeem S., Jabbar I., Rahman Z., Azam S.

2018. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of a tick-borne disease-Kyasanur Forest disease:

current status and future directions. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 8:

149.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00149

Shahbazi N., Khaki Firouz S., Karimi M., Mostafavi E. 2019. Seroepidemiological survey of Crimean-Congo

haemorrhagic fever among high-risk groups in the west of Iran. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 56:

174-177. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-9062.263720

Shahhosseini N., Chinikar S. 2016. Genetic evidence for circulation of Kunjin-related West Nile virus strain in

Iran. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 53: 384-386.

Shahhosseini N., Chinikar S., Moosa-Kazemi S.H., Sedaghat M.M., Kayedi M.H., Lühken R., Schmidt-Chanasit

J. 2017. West Nile Virus lineage-2 in Culex specimens from Iran. Tropical Medicine, International Health

22: 1343-1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12935

Shahhosseini N., Azari-Garmjan G.A., Rezaiyan M.K., Haeri A., Nowotny N., Fooks A.R., Chinikar S., Youssefi

M. 2018. Factors affecting transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever among slaughterhouse

employees: a serosurvey in Mashhad. Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 11. e57980.

Shahhosseini N., Moosa-Kazemi S.H., Sedaghat M.M., Wong G., Chinikar S., Hajivand Z., Mokhayeri H.,

Nowotny N., Kayedi M.H. 2020. Autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus by a new vector

in Iran, vector-host interaction modeling and virulence gene determinants. Viruses 12(12): 1449.

https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121449

Shamsizadeh Y., Roodbari F., Arab Soleymani N. 2015. Prevalence of West Nile virus infection in the cities of

Neka and Shiraz, Iran. Medical Laboratory Journal 9: 141-145 (Persian with English abstract).

Sharififard M., Alavi S.M., Salmanzadeh S., Safdari F., Kamali A. 2016. Epidemiological survey of Crimean-

Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a fatal infectious disease in Khuzestan Province, southwest Iran, during

1999-2015. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 9: 5. e30883.

Sharifinia N., Rafinejad J., Hanafi-Bojd A.A., Chinikar S., Piazak N., Baniardalani M., Biglarian A., Sharifinia

F. 2015. Hard ticks (Ixodidae) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in south west of Iran. Acta

Medica Iranica 53: 177-181.

Sharifi Mod B., Metanat M. 2006. Clinical menifestations, laboratory results and clinical outcome in six pregnant

women with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and

Infertility 9: 81-85 (Persian with English abstract).

Sharifi-Mood B., Metanat M., Rakhshani F., Shakeri A. 2011. Co-infection of malaria and Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever. Iranian Journal of Parasitology 6: 113-115.

Sharifi-Mood B., Metanat M., Alavi-Naini R. 2014. Prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever among

high risk human groups. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors, Addiction 3: 1. e11520.

https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.11520

Sharifzadeh A., Namazi M.-J., Mokhtari-Farsani A., Doosti A. 2015. Bovine herpesvirus type 5 in semen samples

from bulls in Iran. Archives of Virology 160: 235-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2272-3

433

Shi L ., Fu S., Wang L., Li X., Gu D., Liu C., Zhao C., He J., Liang G. 2016. Surveillance of mosquito-borne

infectious diseases in febrile travelers entering China via Shenzhen ports, China, 2013. Travel Medicine

and Infectious Disease 14: 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.02.002

Shibl A., Senok A., Memish Z. 2012. Infectious diseases in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. Clinical microbiology

and infection 18: 1068-1080. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12010

Shiraly R., Khosravi A., Farahangiz S. 2017. Seroprevalence of sadfly fever virus infection in military

personnel on the western border of Iran. Journal of Infection and Public Health 10: 59-63.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.02.014

Shirvani E., Lotfi M., Kamalzadeh M., Noaman V., Bahriari M., Morovati H., Hatami A. 2012. Seroepidemiological

study of bovine respiratory viruses (BRSV, BoHV-1, PI-3V, BVDV, and BAV-3) in dairy cattle in

central region of Iran (Esfahan province). Tropical Animal Health and Production 44: 191-195.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9908-z

Silva J.V.J.Jr., Ludwig-Begall L.F., de Oliveira-Filhoa E.F., Oliveira R.A.S., Durães-Carvalhoa R., Lopese

T.R.R., Silva D.E.A., Gil L.H.V.G. 2018. A scoping review of Chikungunya virus infection: epidemiology,

clinical characteristics, viral co-circulation complications, and control. Acta Tropica 188: 213-224.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.003

Simo F.B.N., Bigna J.J., Well E.A., Kenmoe S., Sado F.B.Y., Weaver S.C., Moundipa P.F., Demanou M. 2019.

Chikungunya virus infection prevalence in Africa: a contemporaneous systematic review and meta-analysis.

Public Health 166: 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.09.027

Simpson D.I.H., Bowen E.T.W., Platt G.S., Way H., Smith C.E.G., Peto S. 1970. Japanese encephalitis in Sarawak:

virus isolation and serology in a land Dyak Village. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine

and Hygiene 64: 503-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(70)90070-2

Simpson D.I.H., Bowen E.T.W., Way H. J., Platt G.S., Hill M.N. 1974. Arbovirus infections in Sarawak, October

1968 - February 1970: Japanese encephalitis virus isolations from mosquitoes. Annals of Tropical Medicine,

Parasitology 68: 393-404. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1974.11686966

Skvortsova T.M., Kurbanov M.M., Gromashevsky V.L., Lvov D.K., Aristova V.A., Neronov V.M., Berdiev A.

1975. Identification of Wad Medani virus in Turkmen SSR. Mater. 9. Simp. Ekol. Virus. Dushanbe, October

1975. 45-46 (Russian, English translation NAMRU3-T1130).

Sofizadeh A., Shoraka H.R., Mesgarian F., Ozbaki G.M., Gharaninia A., Sahneh E., Dankoob R., Malaka A.,

Fallah S., Nemani S. 2018. Fauna and larval habitats characteristics of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

in Golestan Province, northeast of Iran, 2014-2015. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 12: 240-251.

Sonnleitner S.T., Lundstrom J., Baumgartner R., Simeoni J., Schennach H., Zelger R., Prader A., Schmutzhard

E., Nowotny N., Walder G. 2014. Investigations on California serogroup Orthobunya viruses in the

Tyrols: first description of Tahyna virus in the Alps. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 14: 272-277.

https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2013.1360

Sotnikova A.N., Soldatov G.M. 1964. Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis virus from fleas Ceratophyllus tamias

Wagn. Medical Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 33: 622-624 (Russian).

Sparagano O.A.E., George D.R., Harrington D.W.J., Giangaspero A. 2014. Significance and control

of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Annual Review of Entomology 59: 447-466.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101

Spengler J.R., Bergeron E., Rollin P.E. 2016. Seroepidemiological studies of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

fever virus in domestic and wild animals. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10: 1, e0004210.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004210

Sprygin A., Pestova Ya., Prutnikov P., Kononov A.V. 2018. Detection of vaccine-like lumpy skin disease virus in

cattle and Musca domestica L. flies in an outbreak of lumpy skin disease in Russia in 2017. Transboundary

and Emerging Diseases 65: 1137-1144. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12897

Sprygin A., Pestova Ya., Wallace D.B., Tuppurainen E., Kononov A.V. 2019. Transmission of lumpy skin disease

virus: a short review. Virus Research 269: 197637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.015

Staji H., Keyvanlou M., Geraili Z., Shahsavari H., Jafari E. 2021. The First Study of West Nile Virus in Feral

Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) Using Conventional Reverse Transcriptase PCR in Semnan and

Khorasane-Razavi Provinces, Northeast of Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 15: 126-132.

https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i1.6492

434

Stanley M.J. 1990. Prevalence of bluetongue precipitating antibodies in domesticated animals in Yemen Arab

Republic. Tropical Animal Health and Production 22: 163-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02241009

Stekolnikov A.A., Saboori A., Shamsi M., Hakimitabar M. 2019. Chigger mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) of

Iran. Zootaxa 4549: 001-066. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4549.1.1

St George T.D., Stanfast H.A., Cybinski D.H. 1978. Isolations of Akabane virus from sentinel cattle and Culicoides

brevitarsis. Australian Veterinary Journal 54: 558-561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb02412.x

St George T.D. 1988. Bovine ephemeral fever: A review. Tropical Animal Health and Production 20: 194-202.

Storm N., Weyer J., Markotter W., Leman P.A., Kemp A., Nel L.H., Paweska J.T. 2013. Phyogeny of Sindbis

virus isolates from South Africa. Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 28: 207-214.

https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC146829

Sugamata M. 1988. Dependence on the birth season of the antibody level against West Nile virus in the Pakistani

population. Acta Virologica 32: 138-147.

Sugamata M., Ahmed A., Miura T., Takasu T., Kono R., Ogata T., Kimura-Kuroda J., Yasui K. 1988.

Seroepidemiological study of infection with West Nile virus in Karachi, Pakistan, in 1983 and 1985.

Journal of Medical Virology 26: 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890260304

Suleiman M.N.E.H., Muscat-Baron J.M., Harries J.R., Satti A.G.O., Platt G.S., Bowen E.T.W., Simpson D.I.H.

1980. Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Dubai an outbreak at the Rashid Hospital. Lancet 316: 939-

941. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92103-0

Suliman H.M., Adam I.A., Saeed S.I., Abdelaziz S.A., Haroun E.M., Aradaib I.E. 2017. Crimean Congo

hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan. Virology Journal

14: 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0816-3

Sureau P., Klein J.-M. 1980. Arbovirus en Iran. Médecine Tropicale 40: 549-554 (French with English abstract).

Sureau P., Klein J.-M., Casals J., Digoutte J.-P., Salaun J.-J., Piazak N., Calvo M.A. 1980. Isolment des virus

Thogoto, Wad Medani, Wanowrie et de la fever hemorragique de Crimee-Congo en Iran a partir de

tiques d'animaux domestiques. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur / Virologie 131: 185-200 (French with English

abstract).

Tageldin M.H., Wallace D.B., Hermanna Gerdes G., Putterill J.F., Greyling R.R., Phosiwa M.N., Al Busaidy

R.M., Al Ismaaily S.I. 2014. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: an emerging problem in the Sultanate of Oman.

Tropical Animal Health and Production 46: 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0483-3

Taha H.A., Shoman S.A., Alhadlag N.M. 2015. Molecular and serological survey of some haemoprotozoan,

rickettsial and viral diseases of small ruminants from Al-Madinah Al Munawarah, KSA. Tropical

Biomedicine 32: 511-523.

Tahmasebi F., Ghiasi S.M., Mostafavi E., Moradi M., Piazak N., Mozafari A., Haeri A., Fooks A.R., Chinikar S.

2010. Molecular epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome isolated from ticks of

Hamadan province of Iran. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 47: 211-216.

Takeda T., Ito T., Chiba M., Takahashi K., Niioka T., Takashima I. 1998. Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis

virus from Ixodes ovatus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Japan. Journal of Medical Entomology 35: 227-231.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/35.3.227

Tan L.V., Ha D.Q., Hien V.M., van der Hoek L., Farrar J., de Jong M.D. 2008. Me Tri virus: a Semliki Forest virus

strain from Vietnam? Journal of General Virology 89: 2132-2135. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/002121-0

Tantawi H.H., Al Sheikhly S., Hassan F.K. 1981. Avian pox in buzzard (Accipiter nisus) [sic] in Iraq. Journal of

Wildlife Diseases 17: 145-146. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-17.1.145

Tarello W. 2004. Avian pox in psittacine birds from Saudi Arabia. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 155: 483-485.

Tarello W. 2008. Prevalence and clinical signs of avipoxvirus infection in falcons from the Middle East. Veterinary

Dermatology 19: 101-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00656.x

Tavakoli A., Esghaei M. Karbalaie Niya M.H., Marjani A. Tabibzadeh A., Karimzadeh M., Monavari S.H. 2018.

A comprehensive review of Zika virus infection. Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences 22:

87-105 (Persian with English abstract).

Tavakoli F., Rezaei F., Shafiei-Jandaghi N.Z., Shadab A., Mokhtari-Azad T. 2020. Seroepidemiology of dengue

and chikungunya fever in patients with rash and fever in Iran, 2017. Epidemiology and Infection 148: e42,

1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820000114

435

Taylor R.M., Hoogstraal H., Hurlbut H.S. 1966a. Isolation of a virus (Wad Medani) from

Rhipicephalus sanguineus in Sudan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 14: 75.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.75

Taylor R.M., Hurlbut H.S., Work T.H., Kingston J.R., Hoogstraal H. 1966b. Arboviruses isolated from Argas

ticks in Egypt: Quaranfil, Chenuda, and Nyamanini. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

15: 76-86. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.76

Taylor R.E.L., Seal B.S., St Jeor S. 1982. Isolation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from the soft-shelled

tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus. Science 216 (4543): 300-301. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6278596

Taylor W.P., Mellor P.S. 1994. The distribution of Akabane virus in the Middle East. Epidemiology and Infection

113: 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800051591

Telmadarraiy Z., Moradi A.R., Vatandoost H., Mostafavi E., Oshaghi M.A., Zahirnia A.H., Haeri A.,

Chinikar S. 2008. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and molecular survey

in Bahar, Hamadan Province of Iran. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 3: 321-327.

https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2008.321.327

Telmadarraiy Z., Ghiasi S.M., Moradi M., Vatandoost H., Eshraghian M.R., Faghihi F. 2010. A survey of Crimean-

Congo haemorrhagic fever in livestock and ticks in Ardabil Province, Iran during 2004-2005. Scandinavian

Journal of Infectious Diseases 42: 137-141. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365540903362501

Telmadarraiy Z., Saghafipour A., Farzinnia B., Chinikar S. 2012. Molecular detection of Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks in Qom Province, Iran, 2011-2012. Iranian Journal of Virology 6: 13-18.

Telmadarraiy Z., Chinikar S., Vatandoost H., Faghihi F., Hosseini-Chegeni A. 2015. Vectors of Crimean Congo

hemorrhagic fever virus in Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 9: 137-147.

Temizel E.M., Yesilbağ K., Batten C., Senturk S., Maan S.A., Clement Mertens P.P., Batmaz H. 2009.

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in cattle, western Turkey. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15: 317-319.

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1502.080572

Tesh R.B., Peralta P.H., Shope R.E., Chaniotis B.N., Johnson K.M. 1975. Antigenic relationships among

Phlebotomus fever group arboviruses and their implications for the epidemiology of sandfly fever. American

Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24: 135-144. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1975.24.135

Tesh R., Saidi S., Javadian E., Nadim A., Seyedi-Rashti M.A. 1976a. The distribution and prevalence of human

infection with Phlebotomus fever group viruses in Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health 5: 1-7.

Tesh R.B., Saidi S., Gajdamovic S.Ja., Rodhain F., Vesenjak-Hirjan J. 1976b. Serological studies on the

epidemiology of sandfly fever in the Old World. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 54: 663-674.

Tesh R., Saidi S., Javadian E., Nadim A. 1977. Studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in Iran I. Virus

isolates obtained from Phlebotomus. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 26: 282-287.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.282

Tesh R.B. 1988. The genus Phlebovirus and its vectors. Annual Review of Entomology 33: 169-181.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.33.010188.001125

Tesh R.B. 1989. Chapter 37 Phlebotomus fevers. In: Monath T.P. (ed). The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and

Ecology Volume IV. Taylor, Francis, London. 15-27.

Tezcan-Ulger S., Kurnaz N., Ulger M., Aslan G., Emekdas G. 2019. Serological evidence of Rift Valley fever

virus among humans in Mersin province of Turkey. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 56: 373-379.

Tinsley T.W. 1979. The potential of insect pathogenic viruses as pesticidal agents. Annual Review of Entomology

24: 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.000431

Tkubet G., Firesbhat A., Demessie Y., Bezie G., Yohannes A.G. 2016. A review on African horse sickness. World

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 12: 357-363.

Tomori O. 2001. Zika virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of Man

and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 578-579.

Tonbak Ş., Azkur A.K., Pestil Z., Biyikli E., Abayli H., Baydar E., van der Poel W.H.M., Bulut H. 2016.

Circulation of Schmallenberg virus in Turkey, 2013. Turkish Journal of Veterinary, Animal Sciences 40:

175-180. https://doi.org/10.3906/vet-1507-3

Tuppurainen E.S.M., Oura C.A.L. 2012. Review: Lumpy skin disease: An emerging threat to

Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 59: 40-48.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x

436

Tuppurainen E.S.M., Lubinga J.C., Stoltsz W.H., Troskie M. 2013a. Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin

disease virus by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male ticks. Epidemiology, Infection 141: 425-430.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812000805

Tuppurainen E.S.M., Lubinga J.C., Stoltsz W.H., Troskie M., Carpenter S.T., Coetzer J.A.W., Venter E.H., Oura

C.A.L. 2013b. Evidence of vertical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in Rhipicephalus decoloratus

ticks. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases 4: 329-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.01.006

Tuppurainen E.S.M., Venter E.H., Shisler J.L., Gari G., Mekonnen G.A., Juleff N., Lyons N.A., De Clercq

K., Upton C., Bowden T.R., Babiuk S., Babiuk L.A. 2015. Review: Capropoxvirus diseases:

current status and opportunities for control. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 64: 729-745.

https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12444

Turell M.J. 2019. Arthropod-Related Viruses of Medical and Veterinary Importance. In: Mullen G.R., Durden L.A.

(eds). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Third edition. Academic Press, Elsevier, London. 695-703.

Valarcher J.F., Hagglud S., Juremalm M., Blomqvist G., Renstrom L., Zohari S., Leijion M., Chirico J. 2015.

Tick-borne encephalitis. Revue Scientifique et Technique OIE 34: 453-466.

Varma M.G.R., Bowen E.T.W., Simpson D.I.H., Casals J. 1973. Zirga virus, a new arbovirus isolated from bird-

infesting ticks. Nature 244: 452. https://doi.org/10.1038/244452a0

Verani P., Ciufolini M.G., Caciolli S., Renzi A., Nicoletti L., Sabatinelli G., Bartolozzi D., Volpi G., Amaducci

L., Coluzzi M., Paci P., Balducci M. 1988. Ecology of viruses isolated from sand flies in Italy and

characterization of a new Phlebovirus (Arbia virus). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

38: 433-439. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.433

Veronesi E., Henstock M., Gubbins S., Batten C., Manley R., Barber J., Hoffmann B., Beer M., Attoui H., Mertens

P.P.C., Carpenter S. 2013. Implicating Culicoides biting midges as vectors of Schmallenberg virus using

semi-quantitative RT-PCR. PLOS One 8: 3. e57747. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057747

Vlasova N.N., Kazakova A.S., Varentsova A.A., Akopian T.A., Kostryukova E.S. 2012. Comparative sequence

analysis of genes encoding outer proteins of African swine fever virus isolates from different regions

of Russian Federation and Armenia. International Journal of Virology and M olecular Biology 1: 1-11.

https://doi.org/10.5923/j. ijvmb.20120101.01

Voltsit O.V. 1982. Review of Arboviruses Isolation from Ixodides Ticks in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. In:

Lvov D.K. (ed). Ecology of Viruses. Acad. Med. Sci. USSR, Moscow. 111-119 (Russian).

Wahid B., Ali A., Rafique S., Idrees M. 2017. Global expansion of chikungunya: mapping the 64-year history.

International Journal of Infectious Diseases 58: 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.006

Walker A.R., Davies F.G. 1971. A preliminary survey of the epidemiology of bluetongue in Kenya. Journal of

Hygiene 69: 47-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400021239

Walker P.J., Klement E. 2015. Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever. Veterinary Research 46: 124.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-015-0262-4.

Wallace M.R., Hale B.R., Utz G.C., Olson P.E., Earhart K.C., Thornton A.A., Hyams,K.C. 2002.

Endemic infectious diseases of Afghanistan. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34 (Suppl. 5): S171-207.

https://doi.org/10.1086/340704

Wang H.Y., Takasaki T., Fu S.H., Sun X.H., Zhang H.L., Wang Z.X., Hao Z.Y., Zhang J.K., Tang Q.,

Kotaki A., Tajima S., Liang X.F., Yang W.Z., Kurane I., Liang G.D. 2007. Molecular epidemiological

analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus in China. Journal of General Virology 88: 885-894.

https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82185-0

Watts D.M., El-Tigani A., Botros B.A.M., Salib A.W., Olson J.G., McCarthy M., Ksiazek T.G. 1994. Arthropod-

borne viral infections associated with a fever outbreak in the Northern Province of Sudan. Journal of

Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97: 228-230.

Wegdan H.A., Sahar M.E., Ballal A., Intisar K.S., Shaza M.M., Algezoli A., Ihsan H.A., Baraa A.M., Taha

K.M., Nada E.M., Manan A.A., Ali Y.H., Nouri Y.M. 2017. Sero prevalence of equine infectious

anemia (EIA) virus in selected regions in Sudan. Microbiology Research Journal International 18: 1-6.

https://doi.org/10.9734/MRJI/2017/27451

Weir R.P., Hyatt A.D., Calisher C.H., Whelan P.I. 1997. New records of arboviruses isolated from

mosquitoes in the northern territory, 1982-1992. Arbovirus Research in Australia 7: 311-321.

http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/221157?index=1

437

Weiss K.E. 1968. Lumpy skin disease virus. Virology Monographs 3: 111-131.

Wentink G.H., van Oirschot J.T., Verhoeff J. 1993. Risk of infection with bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1): A review.

Veterinary Quarterly 15: 30-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1993.9694365

Wernery U., Kettle T., Moussa M., Babiker H., Whiting J. 2007. West Nile fever in the United Arab Emirates.

Wild Life Middle East 2: 3.

Wernery U., Thomas R., Raghavan R., Syriac G. 2013. Serological evidence of epizootic haemorrhagic disease

and Schmallenberg virus in dromedaries. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 20: 135-137.

Williams R.E., Abdel Wahab K.S.E., Hoogstraal H. 1970. Viruses in ticks. V. Viruses isolated from Afghanistan

ticks during 1968. Folia Parasitologia 17: 359-363.

Williams R.E., Casals J., Moussa M.I., Hoogstraal H. 1972. Royal farm virus: a new tickborne group B agent

related to the RSSE Complex. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 21: 582-586.

https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.582

Williams R.E., Hoogstraal H., Casals J., Kaiser M.N., Moussa M.I. 1973. Isolation of Wanowrie, Thogoto,

and Dhori viruses from Hyalomma ticks infesting camels in Egypt. Journal of Medical Entomology 10:

143-146. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/10.2.143

Williams R.J., Al-Busaidy S., Mehta F.R., Maupin G.O., Wagoner K.D., Al-Awaidy S., Suleiman A.J.M.,

Khan A.S., Peters C.J., Ksiazek T.G. 2000. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological

and tick survey in the Sultanate of Oman. Tropical Medicine, International Health 5: 99-106.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00524.x

Wills W.M., Jakob W.L., Francy D.B., Oertley R.E., Anani E., Calisher C.H., Monath T.P. 1985. Sindbis virus

isolations from Saudi Arabian mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and

Hygiene 79: 63-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(85)90238-X

Wirth W.W., Hubert A.A. 1989. The Culicoides of Southeast Asia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Memoirs of the

American Entomological Institute 44: 1-508.

Wójcik-Fatla A., Cisak E., Zając V., Zwoliński J., Dutkiewicz J. 2011. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus

in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from the Lublin region (eastern Poland). Ticks

and Tick-Borne Diseases 2: 16-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.10.001

Wood O.L., Moussa M.I., Hoogstraal H., Büttiker W. 1982. Kadam virus (Togaviridae, Flavivirus) infecting

camel-parasatizing Hyalomma dromedarii ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Medical

Entomology 19: 207-208. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/19.2.207

Woodall J. 2001a. Chikungunya virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections

of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 115-119.

Woodall J. 2001b. O'nyong-nyong virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections

of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 388-390.

Woodall J. 2001c. Thogoto virus. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of

Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 504-506.

World Health Organization 1967. Arboviruses and Human Disease. Technical Report Series, No. 369. WHO,

Geneva.

World Health Organization 2004. Integrated Vector Management. WHO Regional Officer for Eastern Mediterranean,

Cairo.

World Health Organization 2008. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 update. WHO, Geneva.

World Health Organization 2010. Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases.

WHO, Geneva.

World Health Organization 2017. World Malaria Report 2017. WHO, Geneva.

World Organisation for Animal Health 2013. Sheep and goat pox. OIE, Paris.

Xu R. 2001. Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In: Service M.W. (ed). Encyclopedia of Arthropod-

Transmitted Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 206-208.

Yadav P.D., Whitmer S.L.M., Sarkale P., Ng T.F.F., Goldsmith C.S., Nyayanit D.A., Esona M.D., Shrivastava-

Ranjan P., Lakra R., Pardeshi P., Majumdar T.D., Francis A., Klena J.D., Nichol S.T., Ströher U., Mourya

D. 2019. Characterization of novel reoviruses [Wad Medani virus (Orbivirus) and Kundal (Coltivirus)]

collected from Hyalomma antolicum ticks in India during CCHF surveillance. Journal of Virology 93: 13.

https://doi.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00106-19

438

Yaghoobi-Ershadi M.R. 2012. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania

transmission. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 6: 1-17.

Yaqub T., Shabbir M.Z., Mukhtar N., Tahir Z., Abbas T., Amir E., Defang G. 2017. Detection of selected

arboviral infections in patients with history of persistent fever in Pakistan. Acta Tropica 176: 34-38.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.019

Yavari M., Gharekhani J., Mohammadzadeh A. 2018. Bluetongue virus seropositivity and some risk factors

affecting bluetongue virus infection in sheep flocks. Comparative Clinical Pathology 27: 1017-1022.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2695-4

Yildirim Y., Yilmaz V., Yazici K., Öziç C., Ozkul A., Çağırgan A.A. 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile

virus: first report of lineage 1 in donkey in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 53: 453.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02892-z

Yilmaz H., Hoffmann B., Turan N., Cizmecigil U.Y., Richt J.A., Van der Poel W.H.M. 2014. Detection and partial

sequencing of Schmallenberg virus in cattle and sheep in Turkey. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 14:

223-225. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2013.1451

Yousof Y.S., Ahmed S.E., Noor M.H., Nour M.M., Saleh M.S., Garbi M.I., Eltayeb E.S. 2018. Seroprevalence

of West Nile virus among blood donors at central blood bank, Khartoum State, Sudan. Annals of Medical

and Biomedical Sciences 4: 8-10.

Yoshii K., Okamoto N., Nakao R., Hofstetter R.K., Yabu T., Masumoto H., Someya A., Kariwa H., Maeda A.

2015. Isolation of the Thogoto virus from a Haemaphysalis longicornis in Kyoto City, Japan. Journal of

General Virology 96: 2099-2103. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.000177

Yun S.-M., Song B.G., Choi W.Y., Park W.I., Kim S.Y., Roh J.Y., Ryou J., Ju Y.R., Park C., Shin E.-

H. 2012. Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodid ticks collected from the Republic

of Korea during 2011-2012. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 3: 213-221.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2012.10.004

Yune N., Abdela N. 2017. Epidemiology and economic importance of sheep and gaot pox: a

review on past and current aspects. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 8:

https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000430

Zahraei-Ramazani A.R., Kumar D., Yaghoobi-Ershadi M.R., Naghian A., Jafari R., Shirzadi M.R., Abdoli

H., Soleimani H., Shareghi N., Ghanei M., Arandian M.H., Hanafi-Bojd A.A. 2013. Sand flies of the

subgenus Adlerius (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis and introduction

of Phlebotomus (Adlerius) comatus as a new record for Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 7: 1-7.

Zahraei-Ramazani A., Kumar D., Mirhendi H., Sundar S., Mishra R., Moin-Vaziri V., Soleimani H., Shirzadi

M.R., Jafari R., Hanafi-Bojd A.A., Hamedi Shahraky S., Yaghoobi-Ershadi M.R. 2015. Morphological and

genotypic variations among the species of the subgenus Adlerius (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) in

Iran. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 9: 84-97.

Zaim M. 1987. The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culicinae. Journal of the American

Mosquito Control Association 3: 568-573.

Zaki A.M. 1997. Isolation of a flavivirus related to the tick-borne encephalitis complex from human cases

in Saudi Arabia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91: 179-181.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90215-7

Zaki A., Perera D., Jahan S.S., Cardosa M.J. 2008. Phylogeny of dengue viruses circulating in

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: 1994 to 2006. Tropical Medicine, International Health 13: 584-592.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02037.x

Zamani T., Montazeri M., Hosseini H., Ghalyanchi Langroudi A., Ziafati Kafi Z., Sadri N., Hojabr Rajeoni A.

2021. Atypical fowl pox in silkie, Iran, 2021. Iranian Journal of Virology 15: 53-58.

Zarifi F., Nakhaei P., Nourani H., Mirshokraei P., Razmyar, J. 2019. Characterization of Iranian canarypox and

pigeonpox virus strains. Archives of Virology 164: 2049-2059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04277-y

Zayed A., Awash A.A., Esmail M.A., Al-Mohamadi H.A., Al-Salwai M., Al-Jasari A., Medhat, I., Morales-Betoulle

M.E., Mnzava A. 2012. Detection of Chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti during 2011 outbreak in Al

Hodayda, Yemen. Acta Tropica 123: 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.03.004

Zeynalova S., Vatani M., Asarova A., Lange C.E. 2019. Schmallenberg virus in Azerbaijan 2012-2018. Archives

of Virology 164: 1877-1881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04278-x

439

Ziyaei M., Azarkar Gh., Shayesteh M. 2011. Tow cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and a suspected

case in South Khorasan Province, 2011. Modern Care 8: 173-178.

Ziyaeyan M., Behzadi M.A., Leyva-Grado V.H., Azizi K., Pouladfar G., Dorzaban H., Ziyaeyan A., Salek S., Jaber

Hashemi A., Jamalidoust M. 2018. Widespread circulation of West Nile virus, but not Zika virus in southern

Iran. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12 (12): e0007022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007022

Zohaib A., Saqib M., Beck C., Hussain M.H., Lowenski S., Lecollinet S., Sial A., Asi M.N., Mansoor

M.K., Saqalein M., Sajid M.S., Ashfaq K., Muhammad G., Cao S. 2015. High prevalence of West

Nile virus in equines from the two provinces of Pakistan. Epidemiology, Infection 143: 1931-1935.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814002878

Zowghi E., Bayat M., Kousha A., Nissiani M. 2008. Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. World Journal of

Zoology 3: 71-76.

Вирусы,

прямо или косвенно передаваемые членистоногими,

в Иране и соседних странах

Ш. Азари-Хамидиан, Р. Е. Харбаш

Ключевые слова: арбовирусы, биологическая передача патогена, механическая

передача патогена, мобовирусы, очаги, переносчики, зоонозы

резюме

Членистоногие являются очень важной группой для медицины и ветеринарной

медицины из-за огромного количества переносимых ими патогенов. В данной работе

были проанализированы базы данных, включающие Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus,

Google Scholar, CABI, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex и Magiran, на период

конца декабря

2002 г. в отношении арбовирусных инфекций, выявленных в Иране.

В Иране были обнаружены тридцать три инфекции, прямо или косвенно переносимые

членистоногими. Для каждого заболевания приводятся данные об агентах (вирусах),

распространении (в 31 иранской провинции), хозяевах (людях и животных) и известных

переносчиках в Иране. В дополнение приведен список арбовирусов для соседних стран,

включающих Афганистан, Армению, Азербайджан, Бахрейн, Ирак, Кувейт, Оман, Пакистан,

Катар, Саудовская Аравия, Турция, Туркменистан и Объединенные Арабские Эмираты, а также

Джибути, Сомали, Судан, Сирию и Йемен, которые, хотя и не граничат с Ираном, но, подобно

Ирану, входят в Восточно-средиземноморский регион, выделенный Всемирной Организацией

Здравоохранения (ВОЗ). Список включает 40 вирусов, формально не зарегистрированных

в Иране. Эти вирусы относятся к 19 родам 14 семейств, из которых 3 вируса переносятся

москитами, четыре - мокрецами, 20 - комарами, и 29 - иксодовыми клещами.

440