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Ботанический журнал, 2023, T. 108, № 3, стр. 289-295

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME ASTERACEAE TAXA OF THE OLD AND NEW WORLD

D. A. Krivenko 1, *, Yu. K. Vinogradova 2, **

1 Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS
664033 Irkutsk, Lermontov Str., 132, Russia

2 N.V. Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden RAS
127276 Moscow, Botanicheskaya Str., 4, Russia

* E-mail: krivenko.irk@gmail.com
** E-mail: gbsad@mail.ru

Поступила в редакцию 23.02.2023
После доработки 27.02.2023
Принята к публикации 28.02.2023

Полный текст (PDF)

Аннотация

The chromosome numbers (2n) and ploidy level (nx) according to the inferred basic chromosome number (x) are presented for 35 species, subspecies, nothospecies as well as hybrids from 17 genera of the family Asteraceae (Compositae): Aster (1), Amberboa (1), Carduus (1), Centaurea (4), Cirsium (1), Crepis (1), Erigeron (5), Hieracium (1), Hypochaeris (1), Leontopodium (1), Pilosella (1), Scorzoneroides (1), Solidago (9), Sonchus (2), Taraxacum (2), Tragopogon (2), and Tripleurospermum (1). The studied specimens originated from Europe (European part of Russia, France and United Kingdom including the Crown Dependencies), Caucasus (Armenia and Russia), Central Asia (Tajikistan), Siberia (Irkutsk Region and Republic of Buryatia), Russian Far East (Primorye Territory), and North America (United States). The chromosome number was for the first time established in Centaurea cheiranthifolia subsp. willdenowii (2n = 18 + 0–2B). A new chromosome number was found in Solidago × snarskisii (2n = 36). For the other taxa, previously known chromosome numbers have been confirmed.

Keywords: diploid, triploid, polyploid, chromosomal races, vascular plants

The results of studying the chromosome numbers of plants of the family Asteraceae from the Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia, Russian Far East, and North America are presented. The meristem of germinal roots of seedlings was used to study chromosomes. Cypselas were germinated in Petri dishes on large filter paper. The method we followed was described by us previously (Efimov et al., 2016). Voucher specimens are preserved in the IRK Herbarium, with some duplicates in ALTB, LE, MW, NSK, and PVB. The Herbarium acronyms mentioned here follow B. Thiers (2023-onward). The chromosome numbers in literature were checked using “Chromosome Counts Database” – CCDB, version 1.66 (Rice et al., 2015) as well as a live search in “Google”. The taxonomy of plants is given according to the “Plants of the World Online” – POWO (Govaerts et al., 2021). The taxon for which the chromosome number was established for the first time is marked with *, the taxon for which previously unknown cytotype was established is marked with **.

Aster L.

A. incisus Fisch.; 2n = 2x = 18, x = 9: Russia, Primorye Territory, Vladivostok city, Archipelago of Empress Eugenia, Russkiy island in the Ussuriiskiy Bay off the northern coast of Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan, roadside, 50 m a.s.l., 43°00'33.59"N, 131°55'41.90"E, 10 X 2021, N.V. Filinova, 66060 IRK – Fig. 1a.

Fig. 1.

Mitotic metaphases: a – Aster incisus (2n = 18); b – Amberboa glauca (2n = 32); c – Carduus nutans, 66064 IRK (2n = 16); d – Centaurea cheiranthifolia (2n = 18); e – C. virgata subsp. squarrosa (2n = 36); f – Cirsium arvense, 62974 IRK (2n = 34); g – Crepis tectorum, 62693 IRK (2n = 8); h – Erigeron acris (2n = 18); i – E. canadensis, 68837 IRK (2n = 18). – Scale bars = 10 μm. Arrows indicate chromosome overlaps.

Amberboa (Pers.) Less.

A. glauca (Puschk. ex Willd.) Grossh.; 2n = 4x = 32, x = 8: Russia, Republic of Daghestan, Magaramkentskiy district, Greater Caucasus, right bank of the Samur River, near Usukhchay village, sandy stony mountain slope, 900 m a.s.l., 41°25'19.00"N, 47°53'42.00"E, 9 VIII 2021, D.A. Krivenko, 66751 IRK – Fig. 1b.

Carduus L.

C. nutans L.; 2n = 2x = 16, x = 8: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Irkutsk city, Akademgorodok, near I.I. Molchanov-Sibirskii Irkutsk Regional State Universal Scientific Library, forb plant groups, 450 m a.s.l., 52°15'04"N, 104°16'10"E, 4 VII 2018, D.A. Krivenko, 50708 IRK; Russia, Irkutsk Region, Irkutsk city, Akademgorodok, Melenteva Str., forb plant groups, 449 m a.s.l., 52°14'59"N, 104°16'25"E, 7 VII 2018, D.A. Krivenko, 50710 IRK, 50712 PVB; Russia, Irkutsk  Region, Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, Alarskiy district, Aleksandrovsk village, at the forest edge,  53°20'49.07"N, 102°39'54.81"E, 29 VIII 2021, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, 66064 IRK – Fig. 1c.

Centaurea L.

C. cheiranthifolia Willd.; 2n = 2x = 18 + 0–2B, x = = 9: Russia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Elbrusskiy district, Greater Caucasus, Bokovoy Ridge, foot  of  Elbrus Mountain, Polyana Azau settlement, sandy-pebbly deposits, 2380 m a.s.l., 43°16'10"N, 42°28'47"E, 7 VIII 2019, D.A. Krivenko, 63602 IRK – Fig. 1d.

*C. cheiranthifolia subsp. willdenowii (Czerep.) Mikheev; 2n = 2x = 18 + 0–2B, x = 9: Russia, Republic of Daghestan, Dokuzparinskiy district, Greater Caucasus, 4 km SSW of Kurush village, right bank of the Ragdanchay River – right tributary of the Mullarchay River, slope of Nesindag Mountain, stony (porphyrite and shale) steppe slope, 2572 m a.s.l., 41°15'10.9"N, 47°47'57.5"E, 15 VIII 2019, D.A. Kri- venko, 63623 IRK.

C. cyanus L.; 2n = 2x = 24, x = 12: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Cheremkhovskiy district, Golumet village, field, 53°02'59.95"N, 102°20'49.52"E, 20 VIII 2016, I.O. Tymchenko, 49993 IRK.

C. virgata subsp. squarrosa (Boiss.) Gugler; 2n = = 4x = 36 + 0–1B, x = 9: Armenia, Erevan city, Nor Nork city district, 8th residential area, roadside, 1350 m a.s.l., 40°10'32"N, 44°34'23"E, 31 VII 2019, D.A. Krivenko et al., 10253 IRK – Fig. 1e, 63598 LE, 63599 NSK.

Cirsium Mill.

C. arvense (L.) Scop.; 2n = 2x = 34, x = 17: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Tayshet town, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, 55°39'42.6"N, 98°27'20.4"E, 20 VII 2020, O.A. Chernysheva, 62974 IRK – Fig. 1f; Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Pribaykalskiy district, Goryachinsk village, Goryachinskiy thermal spring, along source of the spring, 488 m a.s.l., 52°59'14.6"N, 108°16'27.4"E, 28 VIII 2019, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, 57702 IRK.

Crepis L.

C. tectorum L.; 2n = 2x = 8, x = 4: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Tayshet town, Central Park of Culture and Leisure, 55°39'42.6"N, 98°27'20.4"E, 20 VII 2020, O.A. Chernysheva, 62693 IRK – Fig. 1g; Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude city, Yuzhnyy settlement, sparse steppified pine forest, 544 m a.s.l., 51°49'31.9"N, 107°44'41.7"E, 16 VII 2015, S.G. Kazanovsky, 42342 IRK; Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Ulan-Ude city, Yuzhnyy settlement, weedy, in the garden, 528 m a.s.l., 51°49'16.9"N, 107°44'19.9"E, 18 VII 2015, S.G. Kazanovsky, 42351 IRK.

Erigeron L.

E. acris L.; 2n = 2x = 18, x = 9: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, Ekhirit-Bulagatskiy district, Krasnyy Yar State nature conservation area, near Guzhir ranger station, forb-wild rose mixed forest, 733 m a.s.l., 52°37'59.20"N, 105°18'25.02"E, 11 VIII 2018, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, kr26 IRK – Fig. 1h.

E. bonariensis L.; 2n = 6x = 54, x = 9: Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom, Channel Islands in the English Channel off the northern coast of France, Jersey Island, St. Helier town, weed on lawn, 49°10'59.99"N, 2°07'00.01"W, 13 VIII 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 63575 IRK; Russia, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala city, Kirovskiy city district, Leninkent settlement, 2nd microraion, the 8th line, weed-ruderal plant groups, 90 m a.s.l., 42°58'38"N, 47°21'51"E, 19 VIII 2021, D.A. Krivenko, 66767 IRK.

E. canadensis L.; 2n = 2x = 18, x = 9: Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom, Channel Islands in the English Channel off the northern coast of France, Jersey Island, St. Helier town, weed on lawn, 49°10'59.99"N, 2°07'00.01"W, 13 VIII 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 63572 IRK; Russia, Kaliningrad Region, Kaliningrad city, right bank of the Pergolya River, Borodinskaya Str. 22, house territory, 54°43'01.37"N, 20°28'03.17"E, 4 X 2022, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, 68837 IRK – Fig. 1i; Russia, Primorye Territory, Vladivostok city, Archipelago of Empress Eugenia, Russkiy Island in Ussuriyskiy Bay off the northern coast of Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of Japan, roadside, 50 m a.s.l., 43°00'33.59"N, 131°55'41.90"E, 10 X 2021, N.V. Filinova, 66032 IRK.

E. sumatrensis Retz.; 2n = 6x = 54, x = 9: United Kingdom, London city, West Brompton, front garden of the Lily hotel, weedy, 51°29'11.01"N, 0°11'52.15"W, 3 VIII 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 63574 IRK.

E. canadensis × E. sumatrensis (= Conyza × rouya-na Sennen); 2n = 6x = 54, x = 9: Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom, Channel Islands in the English Channel off the northern coast of France, Jersey Island, St. Helier town, weed on lawn, 49°10'59.99"N, 2°07'00.00"W, 13 VIII 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 63578 IRK; United Kingdom, London city, Regent’s Park, weed on lawn, 51°31'55.99"N, 0°09'24.01"W, 13 VIII 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 63568 IRK; ib., 63573 IRK – Fig. 2a.

Fig. 2.

Mitotic metaphases: a – Erigeron canadensis × E. sumatrensis, 63573 IRK (2n = 54); b – Hieracium ganeschinii (2n = 27); c – Hypochaeris maculata (2n = 10); d – Pilosella floribunda (2n = 36); e – Scorzoneroides autumnalis (2n = 12); f – Solidago canadensis, 64228 IRK (2n = 18); g – S. canadensis, 64220 IRK (2n = 36); h – S. × niederederi, 49815 IRK (2n = 18); i – S. virgaurea (2n = 18); j – S. gigantea × S. speciosa (2n = 18); k – Taraxacum longicorne (2n = 24); l – Tragopogon sibiricus, kr53 IRK (2n = 12). – Scale bars = 10 μm. Arrows indicate chromosome overlaps.

Hieracium L.

H. ganeschinii Zahn; 2n = 3x = 27, x = 9: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, Ekhirit-Bulagatskiy district, Krasnyy Yar nature conservation area, near Guzhir ranger station, forb pine-birch forest, 52°37'07.75"N, 105°14'57.36"E, 8 VII 2019, O.Yu. Zav- gorodnyaya, kr11 IRK – Fig. 2b.

Hypochaeris L.

H. maculata L.; 2n = 2x = 10, x = 5: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, Ekhirit-Bulagatskiy district, Krasnyy Yar nature conservation area, near Krasnyy Yar ranger station, grass-forb meadow, 645 m a.s.l., 52°32'43.08"N, 105°02'57.84"E, 24 VII 2019, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, kr5 IRK – Fig. 2c.

Leontopodium R. Br. ex Cass.

L. leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauverd; 2n = 2x = 24, x = 12: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Olkhonskiy district, Pribaykalskiy National Park, west coast of Lake Baikal, between Khuzhir and Oto-Khushun capes, steppified  meadow, 478 m a.s.l., 53°20'51.82"N, 107°17'34.36"E, 27 VII 2020, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, kr18 IRK.

Pilosella Hill

P. floribunda (Wimm. & Grab.) Fr.; 2n = 4x = 36, x = 9: Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Kabanskiy district, southern cost of Lake Baikal, 4 km SW of Rechka Vydrino settlement, gravel side of the road, 471 m a.s.l., 51°27'36"N, 104°48'02"E, 28 VI 2022, D.A. Krivenko, 70228 ALTB, 70225 IRK – Fig. 2d, 70227 LE, 70229 MW.

Scorzoneroides Moench

S. autumnalis (L.) Moench; 2n = 2x = 12, x = 6: Russia, Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan city, Sovetskiy city district, Azino-1 urban area, on Jaudat Faizi Str., at the sidewalk, 100 m a.s.l., 55°47'21"N, 49°13'46"E, 21 VII 2021, M.A. Markaryan, 65845 IRK – Fig. 2e.

Solidago L.

S. canadensis L.; 2n = 2x = 18, x = 9: Russia, Yaroslavl Region, outskirts of Uglich town, left bank of the Volga River, on the slope towards the river, 57°31'16.34"N, 38°17'38.36"E, 28 IX 2017, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64228 IRK – Fig. 2f; United States, State of Montana, Flathead County, vicinity of Hungry Horse unincorporated community, pine forest, 48°22'12"N, 114°03'36"W, 2017, Yu.K. Vinogradova [Cultivated from a fragment of a rhizome in the vicinity of Zvenigorod city, Moscow Region], 64221 IRK; United States, State of Minnesota, Olmsted County, vicinity of Rochester city, Quarry Hill Park, along the footpath, 44°01'48"N, 92°25'48"W, 17 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64226 IRK. 2n = 4x = 36, x = 9: United States, State of Minnesota, Olmsted County, vicinity of Rochester city, Quarry Hill Park, along the footpath, 44°01'48"N, 92°25'48"W, 17 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64220 IRK – Fig. 2g. 2n = 6x = 54, x = 9: United States, State of Minnesota, Olmsted County, vicinity of Rochester city, Quarry Hill Park, along the footpath, 44°01'48"N, 92°25'48"W, 17 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64219 IRK.

S. flexicaulis L.; 2n = 4x = 36, x = 9: United States, State of Minnesota, Hennepin County, Bloomington city, Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge, in  the shrub thickets, 44°51'36"N, 93°12'36"W, 18 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64227 IRK.

S. gigantea Aiton; 2n = 4x = 36, x = 9: United States, State of Minnesota, Hennepin County, Bloomington city, Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge, 44°51'36"N, 93°12'36"W, 18 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64224 IRK.

S. × niederederi Khek (= S. canadensis × S. virgaurea); 2n = 2x = 18, x = 9: Russia, Yaroslavl Region, Uglich town, bank of the Volga River, meadow on the slope, 57°31'38.11"N, 38°18'44.70"E, 25 IX 2017, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 49815 IRK – Fig. 2h; Russia, Kaluga Region, outskirts of the city of Kaluga, fallow, 54°31'59.99"N, 36°16'00.01"E, 4 X 2017, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64064 IRK; ib., 64065 IRK; ib., 64066 IRK.

S. rigida L.; 2n = 4x = 36, x = 9: United States, State of Minnesota, Carver County, Chaska city, Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, on the site of the restored steppe, 44°51'42"N, 93°36'54"W, 18 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64218 IRK.

**S. × snarskisii Gudž. & Žaln. (= S. gigantea × S. vir- gaurea); 2n = 4x = 36, x = 9: Russia, Moscow Region, Losinyy Ostrov National Park, 55°51'29.88"N, 37°48'51.84"E, 1 X 2017, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 63579 IRK.

S. ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd.; 2n = 2x = 18, x = 9: United States, State of Minnesota, Carver County, Chaska city, Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, wild, 44°51'42"N, 93°36'54"W, 18 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64223 IRK.

S. virgaurea L.; 2n = 2x = 18, x = 9: United States, State of Minnesota, Lake County, Castle Danger unincorporated community of Silver Creek township, Gooseberry Falls State Park, waterfalls at the confluence of the Gooseberry River into Lake Superior of the Great Lakes, in the glade, 47°08'34"N, 91°27'25.00"W, 20 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64225 IRK – Fig. 2i.

S. gigantea × S. speciosa Nutt.; 2n = 2x = 18, x = 9: United States, State of Minnesota, Lake County, coast of the Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes, Two Harbors city, along the fence, 47°01'12"N, 91°41'24"W, 20 X 2018, Yu.K. Vinogradova, 64222 IRK – Fig. 2j.

Sonchus L.

S. arvensis subsp. uliginosus (M. Bieb.) Nyman; 2n = 4x = 36, x = 9: Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Barguzinskiy district, Zabaykalskiy National Park, middle part of Lake Baikal, Bolshoy Ushkaniy Island, 466 m a.s.l., 53°51'15"N, 108°39'25"E, 3 IX 2019, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, 57838 IRK.

S. oleraceus L.; 2n = 4x = 32, x = 8: Russia, Krasnodar Territory, Black Sea coast, Anapa city, stony slope, 44°51'14.48"N, 37°20'14.42"E, 8 VII 2021, O.A. Chernysheva, 66086 IRK; Tajikistan, Sughd Region, Ghafurov district, left bank of the Kayrakkum Reservoir (Syr Darya River), near Guliston city, shrub thickets on the river bank, 40°15'22.33"N, 69°48'12.54"E, 26 VI 2021, O.T. Rusinek, 66244 IRK.

Taraxacum F.H. Wigg.

T. longicorne Dahlst.; 2n = 3x = 24, x = 8: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Olkhonskiy district, Pribaykalskiy National Park, west coast of Lake Baikal, Aya Bay, 52°47'12.57"N, 106°36'06.89"E, 6 VI 2019, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, kr27 IRK – Fig. 2k.

T. officinale F.H. Wigg. aggr.; 2n = 3x = 24, x = 8: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, Ekhirit-Bulagatskiy district, Krasnyy Yar nature conservation area, near Guzhir ranger station, forb pine-birch forest, 52°37'07.75"N, 105°14'57.36"E, 8 VII 2019, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, kr24 IRK; Russia, Irkutsk Region, Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, Ekhirit-Bulagatskiy district, Krasnyy Yar nature conservation area, near Guzhir ranger station, legume-grass-forb meadow, 52°37'06.72"N, 105°17'40.82"E, 8 VII 2019, O.Yu. Zav- gorodnyaya, kr25 IRK.

Tragopogon L.

T. sibiricus Ganesh.; 2n = 2x = 12, x = 6: Russia, Irkutsk Region, Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, Ekhirit-Bulagatskiy district, Krasnyy Yar nature conservation area, near Guzhir ranger station, legume-grass-forb meadow, 52°37'06.72"N, 105°17'40.82"E, 8 VII 2019, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, kr29 IRK; ib., kr53 IRK – Fig. 2l; Russia, Irkutsk Region, Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, Ekhirit-Bulagatskiy district, Krasnyy Yar nature  conservation area, near Guzhir ranger station, forb meadow, 52°38'33.65"N, 105°20'42.51"E, 15 VII 2019, O.Yu. Zavgorodnyaya, kr30 IRK.

T. trachycarpus  S.A. Nikitin; 2n = 2x = 12, x = 6: Russia, Republic of Buryatia, Kabanskiy district, left bank of the Selenga River, near Treskovo village, steppified meadow, 52°03'14"N, 106°55'01"E, 5 VII 2019, D.A. Krivenko, 66519 IRK.

Tripleurospermum Sch. Bip.

T. inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.; 2n = 4x = 36, x = 8: France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy region, department Somme, commune Assevillers, near highway E19, weed-ruderal plant groups, 49°53'16.17"N, 2°50'13.27"E, 30 XII 2019, D.A. Krivenko et al., 58711 IRK.

Most of the karyologically studied taxa (including interspecific hybrid Solidago gigantea × S. speciosa), namely 18 out of 35, are diploids (2x), with basic numbers (x) 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, and 17. Three species are triploids (3x): Hieracium ganeschinii (2n = 27, x = 9), Taraxacum longicorne, and T. officinale aggr. (both 2n = 24, x = 8). Among the 35 taxa, 13 are polyploids (4x and 6x), with x = 8 and 9.

Variable ploidy levels (2x, 4x, and 6x) are observed in Solidago canadensis from native localities in North America (United States), while a diploid (2x) was found in a secondary locality in the European part of Russia (Yaroslavl Region). Our data also confirm that Leontopodium leontopodioides has three chromosomal races: 2n = 22 from Qinghai Province of China (Stille et al., 2014), 2n = 24 from two localities in South Korea (Lee et al., 2010), and our data from the Baikal region (Chepinoga et al., 2012), in the Russian Far East (Primorye Territory) repeatedly showed 2n = 26 (Probatova et al., 2006, 2008, 2011), with x = 11, 12, and 13, respectively. A special karyosystematic research is necessary. It is probable that the chromosomal races can represent independent species.

For the most of the taxa, previously known chromosome numbers were confirmed. The chromosome number for Erigeron canadensis × E. sumatrensis 2n = = 54 was confirmed. The same chromosome number was obtained by us from two localities of this hybrid in Italy as for “Conyza × rouyana Sennen” (Krivenko et al., 2017).

New chromosome number (2n = 36) and ploidy level (4x) were established for Solidago × snarskisii in the European part of Russia (Moscow Region). The only other chromosome number count for this nothospecies from Eastern Europe (Lithuania) gave another result, 2n = 3x = 27 (Musiał et al., 2020).

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