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Микология и фитопатология, 2021, T. 55, № 6, стр. 405-410

New Finds of Phyllotrophic Plant Pathogenic Microfungi in Ekaterinburg City and its Suburbs

T. S. Bulgakov 1, *, A. G. Shiryaev 2, **

1 Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
354002 Sochi, Russia

2 Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia

* E-mail: ascomycologist@yandex.ru
** E-mail: anton.g.shiryaev@gmail.com

Поступила в редакцию 18.04.2021
После доработки 18.05.2021
Принята к публикации 22.05.2021

Полный текст (PDF)

Аннотация

According the research results, 63 new species of plant pathogenic microfungi developing on leaves of vascular plants were recorded in Ekaterinburg city and its suburbs. Two species, Alternaria obtusa and Ramularia bergeniae, were firstly registered in Russia; 14 of 63 new recorded species (22.2%) could be considered as alien species for Sverdlovsk Region.

Keywords: alien species, biodiversity, invasions, Urals, urban ecology

INTRODUCTION

Sverdlovsk Region has long-term history of mycological researches, so the local mycobiota can be considered as the best studied of the Urals and one of the best studied in Russia (Demidova, 1960). However, the information on plant pathogenic microfungi in Ekaterinburg City and Sverdlovsk Region is very poor, because the mycological researches did not included this group of fungi, excluding some rusts (Tranzschel, 1939), powdery mildews (Karelina, 2017), and some most important fungal pathogens of wide-cultivated food plants (Zambin et al., 1962).

The objective of the work is to study the diversity of plant pathogenic microfungi in Ekaterinburg and its suburbs, primarily phyllotrophic species – developing on plant leaves and causing various plant diseases such as leaf spots, scabs, anthracnoses, rusts, powdery and downy mildews.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ekaterinburg City is located in the south boreal subzone, near the border of European and Asian parts of Russia. The average annual temperature over the past ten years has varied in the range of 2.8–3.6°С and the amount of precipitation consists 480–560 mm per year (Fick, Hijmans, 2017).

In the present work, we study plant pathogenic microfungi that develop only on live and dying leaves. The materials for the study were generative fungal structures on leaf specimens of affected wild-growing and cultivated plants. The majority of the specimens were collected by A.G. Shiryaev in Ekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk Region in 2020, and several specimens were collected by O.I. Shalunova in 2014–2017. The identification of the fungal species was carried out by light microscopy of temporary preparations according to standard methods (Kirai et al., 1974; Blagoveshchenskaya, 2015), a number of special keys, atlases and monographs were used to determinate the species belonging of the identified fungi (Kuprevich, Ulyanishchev, 1975; Ulyanishchev, 1978; Sutton, 1980; Novotelnova, Pystina, 1985; Butin, 1989; Karatygin, 2002; Khokhryakov et al., 2003; Braun, Cook, 2012; Blagoveshchenskaya, 2015), as well as some additional publications devoted to the study and taxonomical revision of the particular fungal taxa: Erysiphaceae (Braun et al., 2018, 2019; Bradshaw et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020; Schmidt, Braun, 2020; Darsaraei et al., 2021), Mycosphaerellaceae (Quaedvlieg et al., 2013; Verkley et al., 2013; Videira et al., 2017), and Polystigmataceae (Bundhun et al., 2019). The collected specimens were processed in the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Ekaterinburg) and in the Department of Plant Protection of the Federal Research Center “Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Sochi).

The identification of plant species was carried out according to the “Key to vascular plants of the Middle Urals” (1994). The species belonging of introduced plants in the collections were determined according to the data of employees of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

RESULTS

The following annotated list contains the names of fungal species given according to the Mycobank nomenclatural database (2021), whereas the plant names are given according to the “Catalogue of Life” nomenclatural database (Roskov et al., 2021). The fungal species are arranged in alphabetical order. The species new for Sverdlovsk Region are marked with asterisk.

The species annotation is given in the following sequence: currently accepted species name (most often used synonyms are given in parentheses); host plant name (with plant family name in parentheses); the locations of collections in the Ekaterinburg city: BG – The Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; GES – The gardens near the railway station “Ekaterinburg-Sortirovochnyy”; BUM – Botanichesky urban microdistrict; SFP – Shartashsky forest park; other locations outside of Ekaterinburg city are given without abbreviations; date of collection; collection number; collector (if not A.G. Shiryaev); native species (NS) or alien species (AS) for the Sverdlovsk Region (Desprez-Loustau, 2009; Farr, Rossman, 2021). All specimens are kept in the fungarium of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ekaterinburg [SVER (F)].

Albugo candida (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Roussel – Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb. (Brassicaceae): GES, private vegetable garden, 27.09.2020, SVER (F) 96561. NS.

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. (A) – Dahlia × cultorum Thorsrud et Reisaeter (Asteraceae): GES, private garden, flowerbed, 29.09.2020, SVER (F) 96591. NS.

*A. obtusa B.W. Ferreira et R.W. Barreto [= Acroconidiella tropaeoli (T.E.T. Bond) J.C. Lindq. et Alippi, = Heterosporium tropaeoli T.E.T. Bond] (A) – Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae): BG, flowerbed, 29.09.2020, SVER (F) 96592; GES, private garden, flowerbed, 23.09.2020, SVER (F) 96593. AS.

A. solani Sorauer (A) – Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae): GES, private vegetable garden, 18.09.2020, SVER (F) 96594; Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae): BUM, private vegetable garden, 30.09.2020, SVER (F) 96595. NS.

Asteroma padi DC. (A) – Prunus padus L. (Rosaceae): SFP, forest edge, 25.07.2020, SVER (F) 96672. NS.

Asteromella ovata Thüm. (A) – Menispermum dauricum DC. (Menispermaceae): BG, arboretum, 25.09.2020, SVER (F) 96597; ibid., 14.10.2020, SVER (F) 96598. AS.

Aureobasidium nigricans (Atk. et Edgerton) W.B. Cooke [≡ Kabatiella nigricans (G.F. Atk. et Edgerton) Karak.] (A) – Vicia cracca L. (Fabaceae): BG, park, 17.09.2020, SVER (F) 96690; GES, ruderal vegetation, 29.09.2020, SVER (F) 96693; Sverdlovsk Region, Shalinsky district, near Chusovaya river, forest, meadow, 19.07.2020, SVER (F) 96567. NS.

Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) Arx [= Coccomyces hiemalis B.B. Higgins] (A+) – Prunus padus L. (Rosaceae): SFP, forest edge, 25.07.2020, SVER (F) 96599. NS.

Botrytis paeoniae Oudem. (A) – Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Paeoniaceae): BG, flowerbed, 27.09.2020, SVER (F) 96668. AS.

Cercospora hydrangeae Ellis et Everh. (A) – Hydrangea paniculata Siebold (Hydrangeaceae): BG, arboretum, 14.10.2020, SVER (F) 96569. AS.

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. et Sacc. (A) – Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky (Dioscoreaceae): BG, arboretum, 27.09.2020, SVER (F) 96675. NS.

Coniella diplodiella (Speg.) Petr. et Syd. (A) – Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Vitaceae): BG, arboretum, 10.09.2017, SVER (F) 96674, O.I. Shalunova. AS.

Cumminsiella mirabilissima (Peck) Nannf. [= C. sanguinea (Peck) Arthur] (II) – Berberis aquifolium Pursh (≡ Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) (Berberidaceae): BG, arboretum, 04.11.2020, SVER (F) 96683. AS.

Didymella viburnicola (Oudem.) Qian Chen et L. Cai [= Phyllosticta opuli Sacc.] (A) – Viburnum opulus L. (Adoxaceae): BG, arboretum, 04.10.2020, SVER (F) 96588. NS.

Diplocarpon mespili (Sorauer) B. Sutton (A+) – Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae): BUM, block park, 11.07.2020, SVER (F) 96600. NS.

Drepanopeziza ribis (Kleb.) Höhn. [= Gloeosporidiella ribis (Lib.) Petr.] (A+). – Ribes uva-crispa L. (= R. grossularia L.) (Grossulariaceae): GES, private garden, 04.10.2020, SVER (F) 96601. AS.

Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr. s. str. (H) – Populus × sibirica G.V. Krylov et G.V. Grig. ex A.K. Skvortsov (Salicaceae): BG, arboretum, 16.10.2020, SVER (F) 96602. NS.

E. aquilegiae var. ranunculi (Grev.) R.Y. Zheng et G.Q. Chen (A+) – Clematis mandshurica Rupr. (Ranunculaceae): BG, коллекции, 03.08.2020, SVER (F) 96605; Aconitum lycoctonum L. (Ranunculaceae): BG, flowerbed, 06.07.2020, SVER (F) 96606; GES, private garden, flowerbed, 14.07.2020, SVER (F) 96607; Clematis sp. (Ranunculaceae): BG, arboretum (near greenhouse), 14.10.2020, SVER (F) 96608. NS.

E. baeumleri (Magnus) U. Braun et S. Takam. (A+) – Vicia cracca L. (Fabaceae): BG, meadow, 17.09.2020, SVER (F) 96609. NS.

E. convolvuli DC. var. calystegiae U. Braun (H) – Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. (Concolvulaceae): BG, ruderal vegetation, 17.09.2020, SVER (F) 96614; ibid., 28.09.2020, SVER (F) 96615. NS.

E. cruchetiana S. Blumer (Н) – Lathyrus pratensis L. (Fabaceae): Sverdlovsk Region, Shalinsky district, near Chusovaya river, meadow, 09.07.2020, SVER (F) 96618. NS.

E. ehrenbergii (Lév.) U. Braun, M. Bradshaw et S. Takam. [= E. lonicerae DC. var. ehrenbergii (Lév.) U. Braun et S. Takam.] (H) – Lonicera caucasica Pall. (Caprifoliaceae): BUM, block park, 22.07.2020, SVER (F) 96619. NS.

E. necator Schwein. (A+) – Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae): BG, arboretum, 10.09.2017, SVER (F) 96622, O.I. Shalunova. AS.

E. salicis DC. (H) – Salix viminalis L. (Salicaceae): BG, arboretum, 03.08.2020, SVER (F) 96623. NS.

E. trifoliorum (Wallr.) U. Braun (A+) – Trifolium pratense L. (Fabaceae): GES, private garden, 03.08.2020, SVER (F) 96624. NS.

E. viburni Duby (A+) – Viburnum lantana L. (Adoxaceae): GES, private garden, 30.09.2020, SVER (F) 96629. NS.

Golovinomyces asperifoliorum (Grev.) U. Braun et H.D. Shin (A+) – Symphytum officinale L. (Boraginaceae): BG, arboretum, 30.09.2020, SVER (F) 96630; ibid., 20.10.2020, SVER (F) 96631. NS.

G. asterum var. solidaginis U. Braun (A+) – Solidago gigantea Aiton (Asteraceae): BUM, ruderal vegetation, 29.09.2020, SVER (F) 96634; ibid., 01.10.2020, SVER (F) 96635; S. canadensis L. (Asteraceae): BG, flowerbed, 24.09.2020, SVER (F) 96636. AS.

G. bolayi S. Takam., Lebeda et M. Götz (A+) – Lactuca serriola L. (Asteraceae): GES, ruderal vegetation, 30.09.2020, SVER (F) 96637. NS.

G. latisporus (U. Braun) P.L. Qiu et S.Y. Liu (A+) – Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae): BG, flowerbed, 08.10.2020, SVER (F) 96640. AS.

G. longipes (Noordel. et Loer.) L. Kiss (A+) – Petunia × hybrida (Hook.) Vilm. (Solanaceae): BG, flowerbed, 28.09.2020, SVER (F) 96641. NS.

G. montagnei U. Braun (H) – Centaurea sp. (Asteraceae): BG, flowerbed, 08.08.2020, SVER (F) 96642; Psephellus dealbatus (Willd.) K. Koch (Asteraceae): BG, flowerbed, 05.10.2020, SVER (F) 96643; Psephellus dealbatus (Willd.) K. Koch (Asteraceae): BG, flowerbed, 28.09.2020, SVER (F) 96644. NS.

Neoerysiphe galeopsidis (DC.) U. Braun (H) – Lamium album L. (Lamiaceae): BG, park, 04.10.2020, SVER (F) 96647; ibid., 20.10.2020, SVER (F) 96647. NS.

Ophiognomonia intermedia (Rehm) Sogonov [= Gloeosporium betulae Westend.] (A+) – Betula pubescens Ehrh. (Betulaceae): BG, arboretum, 04.11.2020, SVER (F) 96673. NS.

Paracercosporidium microsorum (Sacc.) U. Braun, C. Nakash., Videira et Crous [≡ Cercospora microsora Sacc.] (A) – Tilia cordata Mill. (Malvaceae): BUM, block park, 25.10.2020, SVER (F) 96570. NS.

Phaeoseptoria longispora (Bondartsev) Vasyag. [= Septoria longispora Bondartsev] (A) – Convolvulus arvensis L. (Concolvulaceae): GES, ruderal vegetation, 29.09.2020, SVER (F) 96590. NS.

Phloeospora ulmi (Fr.) Wallr. [≡ Septoria ulmi Fr.] (A+) – Ulmus glabra Huds. (Ulmaceae): BG, arboretum, 01.10.2020, 04.11.2020, SVER (F) 96571. NS.

Phyllosticta ampelicida (Engelm.) Aa (A+) – Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Vitaceae): BG, arboretum, 10.09.2017, SVER (F) 96566, O.I. Shalunova. AS.

Plasmopara nivea (Unger) J. Schröt. – Aegopodium podagraria L. (Apiaceae): Sverdlovsk Region, Shalinsky district, near Chusovaya river, forest, 19.07.2020, SVER (F) 96563. NS.

P. obducens (J. Schröt.) J. Schröt. – Impatiens glandulifera Royle. (Balsaminaceae): BUM, ruderal vegetation, 29.09.2020, SVER (F) 96564. NS.

Podosphaera macularis (Wallr.) U. Braun et S. Takam. (H) – Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae): BG, park, 28.09.2020, SVER (F) 96650. NS.

P. mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Braun et S. Takam. (H) – Ribes uva-crispa L. [= R. grossularia L.] (Grossulariaceae): BG, arboretum, 14.09.2020, SVER (F) 96652. AS.

P. spiraeae (Sawada) U. Braun et S. Takam. (A+) – Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. (Rosaceae): BG, arboretum, 20.10.2020, SVER (F) 96653; GES, private garden, 21.09.2020, SVER (F) 96654; ibid., 28.09.2020, SVER (F) 96655; BUM, block park, 23.09.2020, SVER (F) 96656. NS.

Polystigma fulvum Pers. ex DC. (H) – Prunus padus L. (Rosaceae): SFP, forest edge, 25.07.2020, SVER (F) 96678. NS.

Protomyces macrosporus Unger (T) – Aegopodium podagraria L. (Apiaceae): GES, ruderal vegetation, 23.09.2020, SVER (F) 96679. NS.

Pseudocercospora vitis (Lév.) Speg. (A) – Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Vitaceae): BG, arboretum, 10.09.2017, SVER (F) 96572, O.I. Shalunova. AS.

Pseudoperonospora humuli (Miyabe et Takah.) G.W. Wilson – Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae): BUM, ruderal vegetation, 25.09.2020, SVER (F) 96565. NS.

Puccinia malvacearum Bertero ex Mont. (III) – Alcea rosea L. (Malvaceae): BG, flowerbed, 04.10.2020, SVER (F) 96684; Malva sylvestris L. (Malvaceae): GES, block park, 18.10.2020, SVER (F) 96685. AS.

*Ramularia bergeniae Vasjagina (A) – Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch (Crassulaceae): BG, коллекции, 04.10.2020, SVER (F) 96573. NS.

R. lamii Fuckel (A) – Lamium album L. (Lamiaceae): GES, ruderal vegetation, 20.10.2020, SVER (F) 96574. NS.

R. major (Unger) U. Braun (A) – Petasites japonicus (Siebold et Zucc.) Maxim. (Asteraceae): BG, парк, 04.11.2020, SVER (F) 96575. NS.

R. pratensis Sacc. [= R. rhei Allesch.] (A) – Rheum rhaponticum L. (Polygonaceae): BG, flowerbed, 14.07.2020, 26.07.2020, SVER (F) 96576. NS.

R. spiraeae Peck (A) – Spiraea crenata L. (Rosaceae): BG, arboretum, 30.09.2020, SVER (F) 96577. NS.

Sawadaea bicornis (Wallr.) Homma (A+) – Acer negundo L. (Sapindaceae): BUM, block park, 22.07.2020, SVER (F) 96657; BG, arboretum, 14.10.2020, SVER (F) 96658. NS.

Seimatosporium lichenicola (Corda) Shoemaker et E. Müll. (A+) – Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae): BUM, block park, 22.07.2020, SVER (F) 96671. NS.

Septoria convolvuli Desm. (A) – Calystegia pubescens Lindl. (Convolvulaceae): BG, ruderal vegetation, 28.09.2020, SVER (F) 96695; Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae): BG, ruderal vegetation, 30.07.2016, SVER (F) 96578, O.I. Shalunova. NS.

S. cucurbitacearum Sacc. (A) – Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae): BG, greenhouse, 04.08.2015, SVER (F) 96579, O.I. Shalunova; GES, private vegetable garden, 14.07.2020, SVER (F) 96691; ibid., 27.09.2020, SVER (F) 96692.

S. divergens Bubák et Kabát (A) – Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae): BG, block park, 10.07.2015, SVER (F) 96580, O.I. Shalunova. NS.

S. dulcamarae Desm. (A) – Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae): BG, ruderal vegetation, 09.07.2014, SVER (F) 96581, O.I. Shalunova. NS.

S. humuli Westend. (A) – Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae): BG, block park, 10.07.2016, SVER (F) 96582, O.I. Shalunova. NS.

S. ribis (Lib.) Desm. (A+) – Ribes rubrum L. (Grossulariaceae): GES, private garden, 23.09.2020, SVER (F) 96583. NS.

Sphaerulina frondicola (Fr.) Verkley, Quaedvlieg et Crous [= Septoria populi Desm.] (H) – Populus × sibirica G.V. Krylov et G.V. Grig. ex A.K. Skvortsov (Salicaceae): BUM, block park, 16.10.2020, SVER (F) 96584. NS.

S. neoaceris Crous et Bulgakov (A) – Acer negundo L. (Sapindaceae): BG, arboretum, 25.09.2020, SVER (F) 96585; ibid., 04.11.2020, SVER (F) 96586. AS.

S. westendorpii Verkley, Quaedvl. et Crous [= Septoria rubi Westend.] (A) – Rubus caesius L. (Rosaceae): BG, arboretum, 26.10.2020, SVER (F) 96587. NS.

Venturia pyrina Aderh. (H) – Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae): GES, private garden, 29.09.2020, SVER (F) 96596. NS.

Wilsonomyces carpophilus (Lév.) Adask., J.M. Ogawa et E.E. Butler [≡ Clasterosporium carpophilum (Lév.) Aderh.] (A) – Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae): GES, private garden, 27.09.2020, SVER (F) 96589. NS.

There are 63 species and 3 varieties considered as new records for Sverdlovsk region. So a large number of firstly registered plant pathogenic microfungi can be explained by poor knowledge of this group in Sverdlovsk Region. Many firstly recorded species are widespread in other regions of Russia and other countries of Northern Hemisphere (Farr, Rossman, 2021). However, 14 of 63 new found species (22.2%) could be discussed as alien species for the Sverdlovsk Region, including several poor-known species, such as two ones that are new for Russia: Alternaria obtusa (Fig. 1) and Ramularia bergeniae (Fig. 2). Alternaria obtusa is known in many tropical countries as a pathogen of garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.), but it had not been recorded in Russia until now (Ferreira, Barreto, 2019). Ramularia bergeniae is a pathogen causing leaf spot of Bergenia spp. in its natural habitat in Kazakhstan (Braun, 1998); the finds of this species are quite expected in many regions of Russia due to wide culture of the host plant species as an ornamental plant.

Fig. 1.

Leaf spots caused by Ramularia bergeniae on leaves of Bergenia crassifolia.

Fig. 2.

Leaf spots caused by Alternaria obtusa on leaves of Tropaeolum majus.

The interesting fact is the discovery of Sphaerulina neoaceris in Ekaterinburg, which was recently described from the Rostov region of Russia (Crous et al., 2020) on live leaves of invasive plant – box elder maple (Acer negundo). Apparently, this obligate host plant-associated microfungus can be a quite widespread species in the invasive habitat of Acer negundo in Russia. In contrary, native Plasmopara obducens, previously known only on Impatiens noli-tangere (Novotelnova, Pystina, 1985), was firstly recorded on invasive plant Impatiens glandulifera. A similar change of host plants was noted in Moscow Region, where Plasmopara obducens have started to infect close-relative invasive plant Impatiens parviflora since 2010 (Blagoveshchenskaya, 2017).

The next well-known alien species Puccinia malvacearum, was found both on ornamental introduced species and on wild species of Malvaceae. This invasive plant pathogenic fungus was unintentionally introduced in Europe (and other continents) from South America at the end of the 18th century (Desprez-Loustau, 2009); however, until the middle of the 20th century P. malvacearum was recorded only in the southern parts of the former USSR (Ukraine, Southern Russia, Caucasus, Central Asia), but not in the Ural macroregion (Tranzschel, 1939; Ulyanishchev, 1978). The second alien new-recorded rust fungus is Cumminsiella mirabilissima introduced in the Europe at the beginning of the 20th century from North America (Desprez-Loustau, 2009); it was not registered in Russia until 1940s (Tranzschel et al., 1939), but later became a common species in the central part of European Russia (Kuprevich, Ulyanishchev, 1975). In addition, we note the record of native species Polystigma fulvum, which was revised by the specimens from Belarus (Bundhun et al., 2019), and the unclear origin species Golovinomyces latisporus – poor-known powdery mildew firstly found and confirmed in Rostov Region of Russia (Qui et al., 2020).

Several previously unknown in the region species – Coniella diplodiella, Erysiphe necator, Phyllosticta ampelicida, and Pseudocercospora vitis – were recorded on woody lianas, in particular, on the Amur grape (Vitis amurensis) introduced from the Russian Far East; these species are common in regions of vineyard culture (Khokhryakov et al., 2003; Braun, Cook, 2012; Farr, Rossman, 2021).

Authors thanks to O.I. Shalunova for help in the material collecting. Research of A.G. Shiryaev was carried out within the framework of the state assignment of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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