1. На главную
  2. Электронные версии
  3. Микология и фитопатология
  4. T. 56, № 6, 2022

Микология и фитопатология, 2022, T. 56, № 6, стр. 448-451

Mycological Heritage of Johann Buxbaum. 5. Fungi Described in the Fourth “Centuria” Issue (1733). 3. Russuloid Species, Three are True Ones, One in Linnaean Misinterpretation

I. V. Zmitrovich 1, *, A. K. Sytin 1, **

1 Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
197376 St. Petersburg, Russia

* E-mail: iv_zmitrovich@mail.ru
** E-mail: astragalus@mail.ru

Поступила в редакцию 10.07.2022
После доработки 8.08.2022
Принята к публикации 1.09.2022

Полный текст (PDF)

Аннотация

The present notice continues our acquaintance with the mycological heritage of Johann Christian Buxbaum (1693–1730). A total of five “Centuria” (sets of 100 species) under the title “Plantarum minus cognitarum centuria circa Byzantium et in Oriente observatas” were published by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In the fourth “Centuria” issue we can find descriptions and illustrations of 56 species of fungi, among these three species belonging to the modern genus Lactarius, and one species mistakenly associated with Agaricus (Russula) integer by Linnaeus, but actually belonging to Amanita cf. fulva. The nomenclature of these taxa is presented and their homogeneity and variability in light of the modern data is estimated.

Keywords: Agaricomycetes, botanists of the 18th century, drawings of fungi, Lactarius, morphology, nomenclature, Russulaceae

The present notice continues our acquaintance with the mycological heritage of Johann Christian Buxbaum (1693–1730), a naturalist who was appreciated by Peter the Great, the first botanist-academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (Zmitrovich, Sytin, 2021a, 2021b, 2021c, 2022).

A total of five of Buxbaum’s “Centuria” (sets of 100 species) were published by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences under the title “Plantarum minus cognitarum centuria circa Byzantium et in Oriente observatas” (vols IV and V were compilated post mortem) (Buxbaum, 1728a, 1728b, 1729, 1733, 1740) which well describing and illustrating vascular and cryptogamic plants and fungi associated with various habitats in North Africa, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the South of Russia.

The issue composition is rather stereotypical for the entire series and is quite simple. Species descriptions are given on 40–50 pages (the units, corresponding to modern genera, were arranged more or less alphabetically within the issue, and according to this feature Buxbaum was assigned to a cohort of “alphabetaries” – Sytin et al., 2021), then followed by “Index” and 64–74 tables containing the drawings of plants and fungi. The first volume slightly deviates from such a stereotype, because the main content is prefaced by the author’s foreword, whereas the last volume deviates in having the “Appendix” with 44 species not included in the basic content.

The fungal descriptions are intermixed with diagnoses of species belonging to other groups of plant organisms. Within the first and second volumes the alphabetical principle is maintained, but already in the fourth volume, compiled after the death of the author, it becomes eroded and, e.g., Coralloides we can find at the volume end, after Agaricus, Lycoperdon and species of vascular plants and mosses placed between them. In the fifth issue, the alphabetic principle is maintained only partially, since some Fungus species are interrupted by several taxa of vascular plants and the Lycoperdon representatives as well.

The fourth issue contains the largest number of fungal taxa (56 species), and some of them, namely clavarioid (Zmitrovich, Sytin, 2021c) and lentinoid (Zmit-rovich, Sytin, 2022), have already been analyzed in our notices.

The fungi having latex-bearing basidiomata (Lactarius in modern taxonomy) were well presented in contemporary to Buxbaum herbalists, since they had long attracted the attention of physicians. In particular, they were listed in Löselius (1654, 1703) treatises among his Fungus vescus (species numbers I–XVIII, especially V–XI). In the fourth “Centuria” issue, we can find three such species. Besides, one of Buxbaum’s descriptions was erroneously recognized as a russuloid agaric by Linnaeus (1753), while an authentic description unequivocally refers to Amanita (= Amanitopsis) species. This case also will be considered in the present note (the species is marked with asterisk).

1. Fungus umbilicatus, lacte acri turgens, oris villosis – p. 10–11, tab. XVI (Fig. 1, 1)11.

Fig. 1.

Engravings from drawings to Buxbaum’s “Centuria” IV (Buxbaum, 1733) published within a book tables: 1 – Fungus umbilicatus, lacte acri turgens, oris villosis (Lactarius torminosus in modern taxonomy); 2 – Fungus lividus, lacte acre turgens (Lactarius trivialis in modern taxonomy); 3 – Fungus fuscus, lacte acri turgens (Lactarius cf. fuliginosus in modern taxonomy); 4 – Fungus major, pediculo longo, mo-dice crasso, lamellis albis creberrimis, superne ad margines apparentibus (Amanita cf. fulva in modern taxonomy).

“Totus eleganter rubet, et colorem florum Persicorum fere refert; interdum quoque albicat, succo lacteo acerrimo turget. Orae intro flexae eleganter villosae sunt. Colligitur a Ruthenis et sale conditur, qui tempore jejunii, acteo et oleo adjectis, crudus comeditur. Est Fungus vescus XI Lös. Fl. Pr. Putavi olem esse Fungum piperatum album lacteo succo turgentum C.B. adhuc juneorem, quia vero Löselius diversum fecit, et diverso nomine patrio recensuit, illi affensum praebere cogorne. Plures recenset modo laudatus Löselius Fungorum lacte acri praeditorum species, et nos etiam aliquot observavimus, quorum figurae frequenter. V na est hastenus species recensia apud Botanicos, quos propter succumb acrem lacteum consudisse vero simile est”.

Сurrent status. An elegant morphotype with a rather long stem, fluffy cap and peach-pink tones of the upper side, coupled with a reference to the interpretation of Löselius (1703), without equivocals, indicates belonging to Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Pers. (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Russulales, Russulaceae).

Post-Linnean synonymy: L. torminosus (Schaeff.) Pers., Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung.: 64, 1797. ≡ Agaricus torminosus Schaeff., Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 4: 7, 1774. = A. cilicioides Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1: 63, 1821. = Lactarius intermedius Krombh. ex Berk. et Broome, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 5 (7): 128, 1881. = L. nordmanensis A.H. Sm., Brittonia 12: 308, 1960.

Modern elaborations: Hesler, Smith (1979); Kalamees (2011).

Note. It is possible that L. torminosus is not a species complex, but rather polymorphic and common in Europe species, but also occurs in North America. Hesler and Smith (1979) made a distinction between L. torminosus var. torminosus with unchanging, white latex and var. nordmanensis (A.H. Sm.) Hesler et A.H. Sm., with white latex changing to yellow shades.

2. Fungus lividus, lacte acre turgens – p. 11, tab. XVII, f. 1 (Fig. 1, 2).

“Ex Fungis mediae magnitudinis est; capitulum nunc ex livido purpurascit aut albescit. Lamellae albae, densissimae, angustae: orae parum introflexae. Pediculus pro modulo capituli longior. In silvis nostris frequens Augusto. Videtur esse Fungi vesci V species secunda Lösel. in Fl. Pr. ”.

Сurrent status. The upper side features and proportions of basidiomata indicate that the Buxbaum’s Fungus lividus… is corresponded to Lactarius trivialis (Fr.) Fr. (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Russulales, Russulaceae).

Post-Linnean synonymy: L. trivialis (Fr.) Fr., Epicr. Syst. Mycol.: 337, 1838. ≡ Agaricus trivialis Fr., Observ. Mycol. 1: 61, 1815. = Lactarius trivialis var. gracilis Peck, Ann. Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. Тat. Hist. 38: 120, 1885. = L. trivialis var. maculatus Peck, Ann. Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 38: 121, 1885. = L. trivialis var. viridilactis Kauffman, Publ. Mich. Geol. Biol. Surv., Biol. Ser. 5, 26: 101, 1918. = L. trivialis var. minor  J. Blum, Revue Mycol. 31 (1): 106, 1966.

Modern elaborations: Hesler, Smith (1979); Kalamees (2011).

Note. Lactarius trivialis in Friesian (1815, 1838) sense is rather a linneon which corresponds to the Lactarius subgen. Piperites subsect. Trivialini of modern authors (Heilmann-Clausen et al., 1998). The colour of the pileus of Buxbaum’s taxon (livid-gray with purplish tint) refers rather to the classical European L. trivialis s.s.

3. Fungus fuscus, lacte acri turgens – p. 11, tab. XVII, f. 2 (Fig. 1, 3).

“Pediculo breviori, et capitulo majore minus circinato a praecedente, cum quo lamellis et lacte acri convenit, differt. Fungus piperatus albus, lacteo succo turgens. C.B. saepius etiam occurrit capitulo fusco, sed nostro omnibus partibus major. In silvis Septembri gregatim internum nascitur. Observavi et aliam Fungi piperati speciem in silva Duderoviana lamellis multo latiorubus et laxus positis, quam, quia pictor non ad manus erat, negligere coactus sum”.

Сurrent status. A less robust stipe in comparison with the previous species, a brown-coloured pileus bearing a white hymenophore, and a gregarious fructification indicate that Buxbaum may have dealt with a representative of Lactarius subg. Plinthogalus, highly likely, with Lactarius fuliginosus (Fr.) Fr. (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Russulales, Russulaceae).

Post-Linnean synonymy: L. fuliginosus (Fr.) Fr., Epicr. Syst. Mycol.: 348, 1838. ≡ Agaricus fuliginosus Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1: 73, 1821. = Lactarius fuliginosus var. major Fr., Epicr. Syst. Mycol.: 348, 1838. = L. fuliginosus var. elongatus Neuhoff, Pilze Mitteleuropas 2b: 35, 1937. = L. fuliginosus var. montanus Neuhoff, Pilze Mitteleuropas 2b: 35, 1937. = L. fuliginosus var. subplumbeus Neuhoff, Pilze Mitteleuropas 2b: 35, 1937. = L. fuliginosus var. clitocyboides A.H. Sm. et Hesler, Brittonia 14: 420, 1962. = L. fumosoides A.H. Sm. et Hesler, Brittonia 14: 431, 1962. = L. fumosus var. occidentalis A.H. Sm. et Hesler, Brittonia 14: 436, 1962. = L. fumosus var. subalutaceus A.H. Sm. et Hesler, Brittonia 14: 437, 1962.

Modern elaborations: Kalamees (2011); Stubbe, Verbe-ken (2012).

Note. L. fuliginosus s.l. represents two sibling species complex, where L. fuliginosus s.s. is associated exclusively with broadleaf trees, whereas L. picinus Fr. with conifers, but this putative difference in host specificity needs to be investigated further (Stubbe, Verbeken, 2012).

*4. Fungus major, pediculo longo, modice crasso, lamellis albis creberrimis, superne ad margines apparentibus Raj. Suppl. – p. 12, tab. XIX (Fig. 1, 4).

“Notas hujus certas tradit Rajus, nempe qud lamellae a margine ad pediculum usque omnes indivisae extendantur, ut non plures fint ad marginem, quam ad pedicuum, et quod lamellae etiam ad margines superne adpareant; ita, ut margo striata, seu pectinata videatur. Color pilei est ex rufo fuscus, interdum albicans. E volva erumpit; hinc saepius particulae membranae disruptae in capitulo relinquuntor. Damus hic figuram adulti, et junioris, quando e volva exit. Frequens est in silvis nostris Septembris”.

Сurrent status. The correspondence of this description with Agaricus integer L. [≡ Russula integra (L.) Fr., Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Russulales, Russulaceae] was established by Linnaeus (1753, p. 1171). However, our analysis of Buxbaum’s drawing and description shows that in this case we are dealing with a Linnaean misinterpretation of this taxon. Both in the drawing and in the text we can observe a nodulocarpous volva-bearing species. Both the elongated stipe and cap ontogeny also indicate non-russuloid affinity of this taxon. As a matter of fact, Buxbaum’s fungus has si-milarities with Russula only in the detached cuticle coupled with the ribbed edge. The affiliation of questioned species to the Amanita sect. Vaginatae is beyond doubt, and the indication of rufous-brownish cap coloration suggests that Buxbaum may have dealt with the widespread Amanita fulva Fr. (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, Amanitaceae).

Post-Linnean synonymy: A. fulva Fr., Observ. Mycol. 1: 2, 1815. ≡ Agaricus fulvus Schaeff., Fung. Bavar. Palat. Nasc. 4: 41, 1774. = Amanitopsis fulva f. alba Courtec., Miscell. Mycologica, Cercle de Mycologie de Mons 14: 8, 1986.

Modern elaborations: Bas (1969); Malysheva, Kovalenko (2015).

In conclusion, it should be noted that Linnaean misinterpretation has not any nomenclatural consequences, since his basic interpretation of this taxon was different and refers to his own “Agaricus caulescens, pileo plano-concavo purpureo, lamellis stipiteque albis” (Linnaeus, 1737) which is better correlated with Russula integra; the holotype is missing (The Linnean Collections, 2022), but sanctioning the name Aga-ricus integer by Fries (1821), definitely, closes further nomenclatural discussions.

The work was supported by the RFBR grant (N 20-011-42010) and the State Research Task N AAAA-A19-119020890079-6.

Список литературы

  1. Bas C. Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph on its section Lepidella. Persoonia. 1969. V. 5 (4). P. 285–579.

  2. Buxbaum J.C. Plantarum minus cognitarum. Centuria I. Plantas circa Byzantim et in Oriente observatas. Typographia Academiae, Petropolis, 1728a.

  3. Buxbaum J.C. Plantarum minus cognitarum. Centuria II. Plantas circa Byzantium et in Oriente observatas. Typographia Academiae, Petropolis, 1728b.

  4. Buxbaum J.C. Plantarum minus cognitarum. Centuria III. Plantas circa Byzantium et in Oriente observatas. Typographia Academiae, Petropolis, 1729.

  5. Buxbaum J.C. Plantarum minus cognitarum. Centuria IV. Plantas circa Byzantium et in Oriente observatas. Typographia Academiae, Petropolis, 1733.

  6. Buxbaum J.C. Plantarum minus cognitarum. Centuria V. Plantas circa Byzantium et in Oriente observatas. (Cum Appendix 44 nos). Typographia Academiae, Petropolis, 1740.

  7. Fries E.M. Observationes mycologicae. V. 1. Havniae, 1815.

  8. Fries E.M. Systema mycologicum, sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species, huc usque cognitas, quas ad normam methodi naturalis determinavit, disposuii atque descripsit. V. 1. Gryphiswald, 1821.

  9. Fries E.M. Epicrisis systematis mycologici. Upsaliae, 1836–1838.

  10. Heilmann-Clausen J., Verbeken A., Vesterholt J. Fungi of Northern Europe. V. 2. The genus Lactarius. Svampetryk, 1998.

  11. Hesler L.R., Smith A.H. North American species of Lactarius. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1979.

  12. Kalamees K. Riiskad: the genus ‘Lactarius’ in Estonia, Ülikooli Loodusmuuseum, Tartu, 2011.

  13. Linnaeus C. Flora lapponica exhibens plantas per Lapponiam crescentes, secundum systema sexuale collectas in itinere 1732 institutio. Additis synonymis, et Locis natalibus omnium, descriptionibus et figuris rariorum, viribus medicatis et oeconomicis plurimarum. S. Schouten, Amstelaedam, 1737.

  14. Linnaeus C. Species Plantarum. V. 1–2. Stockholm, 1753.

  15. Löselius J. Plantas in Borussia sponte nascentes e manuscriptis Parentis mei divulgo Johannes Loeselius, Johannis filius. Regiomonti Borussorum. Mensenius, 1654.

  16. Löselius J. Flora Prussica, sive plantae in regno Prussiae sponte nascentes: quarum catalogum et nomina Johannes Loeselius olim disseruit, nunc additis nitidissimis iconibus rariorum. Georgi, Regiomonti, 1703.

  17. Malysheva E.F., Kovalenko A.E. Fungi of the Russian Far East. IV. Amanita sect. Vaginatae in the central Sikhote-Alin. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya. 2015. V. 49 (3). P. 151–163.

  18. Stubbe D., Verbeken A. Lactarius subg. Plinthogalus: the European taxa and American varieties of L. lignyotus re-evaluated. Mycologia. 2012. V. 104 (6). P. 1490–1501. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-039

  19. Sytin A.K., Andreev M.P., Bondar L.D. et al. The first monograph of the first academician of botany of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Johann Christian Buxbaum (on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the publication of “Enumeratio plantarum accuratior in agro Hallensi crescentium” and the arrival of its author in St. Petersburg (1721)). Botanicheskiy zhurnal. 2021. V. 106 (12). P. 1230–1240 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0006813621120097

  20. The Linnean Collections. Linnean Society. 2022. http://linnean-online.org. Accessed 25.05.2022.

  21. Zmitrovich I.V., Sytin A.K. Mycological heritage of Johann Buxbaum. 1. Fungi described in the first “Centuria” issue (1728). Mikologiya i fitopatologiya. 2021a. V. 55 (1). P. 67–70. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0026364821010128

  22. Zmitrovich I.V., Sytin A.K. Mycological heritage of Johann Buxbaum. 2. Fungi described in the second “Centuria” issue (1728). Mikologiya i fitopatologiya. 2021b. V. 55 (3). P. 219–224. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0026364821030119

  23. Zmitrovich I.V., Sytin A.K. Mycological heritage of Johann Buxbaum. 3. Fungi described in the fourth “Centuria” issue (1733). 1. Clavarioid species. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya. 2021c. V. 55 (5). P. 377–379. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0026364821050123

  24. Zmitrovich I.V., Sytin A.K. Mycological heritage of Johann Buxbaum. 4. Fungi described in the fourth “Centuria” issue (1733). 2. Lentinoid species. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya. 2022. V. 56 (4). P. 298–301. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0026364822040122

  25. Сытин А.К., Андреев М.П., Бондарь Л.Д. и др. (Sytin et al.) Первая монография первого академика ботаники Петербургской академии наук Иоганна Христиана Буксбаума (к 300-летию со времени выхода в свет “Enumeratio plantarum accuratior in agro Hallensi crescentium” и прибытия ее автора в Петербург (1721)) // Ботанический журнал. 2021. Т. 106. № 12. С. 1230–1240.

Дополнительные материалы отсутствуют.

Инструменты

следующая статья выпуска предыдущая статья выпуска содержание выпуска

Микология и фитопатология

Архивы выпусков Информация о журнале Отправить рукопись в журнал