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Молекулярная биология, 2023, T. 57, № 3, стр. 387-410

Улучшение культурных растений при помощи системы CRISPR/Cas: новые гены-мишени

Ю. В. Ухатова a, *, М. В. Ерастенкова a, Е. С. Коршикова a, Е. А. Крылова a, А. С. Михайлова a, Т. В. Семилет a, Н. Г. Тихонова a, Н. А. Швачко a, Е. К. Хлесткина a

a Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова
190000 Санкт-Петербург, Россия

* E-mail: sci_secretary@vir.nw.ru

Поступила в редакцию 04.05.2022
После доработки 23.09.2022
Принята к публикации 07.10.2022

Аннотация

Успехи геномного редактирования сельскохозяйственных культур с использованием системы CRISPR/Cas в большой степени зависят от правильного выбора генов-мишеней, направленные изменения в которых позволят повысить урожайность, улучшить качество растительного сырья и устойчивость к биотическим и абиотическим стрессирующим факторам. В настоящей работе систематизированы и каталогизированы сведения о генах-мишенях, использованных для улучшения культурных растений. В последнем систематическом обзоре рассмотрены статьи, индексируемые в базе данных Scopus, опубликованные на 17.08.2019 г. В нашей работе охвачен период с 18.08.2019 по 15.03.2022 гг. Поиск по заданному алгоритму позволил выявить 2090 статей, среди которых только 685 содержат результаты редактирования генов 28 видов культурных растений (поиск проведен по 56 культурам). В значительной части этих публикаций рассмотрено либо редактирование генов-мишеней, проведенное ранее в аналогичных работах, либо исследования относились к сфере обратной генетики, и только 136 статей содержат данные о редактировании новых генов-мишеней, модификация которых направлена на улучшение селекционно значимых признаков растений. Всего за весь период применения системы CRISPR/Cas с целью улучшения селекционно значимых свойств редактированию были подвергнуты 287 генов-мишеней культурных растений. В настоящем обзоре представлен подробный анализ редактирования новых генов-мишеней. Чаще всего целью этих работ было повышение урожайности и устойчивости растений к болезням, а также улучшение свойств растительного сырья. Отмечено, удалось ли на момент публикации получить стабильные трансформанты, применялось ли редактирование к немодельным сортам. Существенно расширен спектр модифицированных сортов ряда культур, в частности, пшеницы, риса, сои, томата, картофеля, рапса, винограда, кукурузы. В подавляющем большинстве случаев редактирующие конструкции доставляли с использованием агробактериальной трансформации, реже – биобаллистики, трансфекции протопластов и гаплоиндукторов. Желаемого изменения признаков чаще всего удавалось достичь при помощи нокаута генов. В отдельных случаях осуществляли нокдаун и замены нуклеотидов в гене-мишени. Для получения нуклеотидных замен в генах культурных растений все чаще используют редактирование отдельных оснований (base-editing) и технологию поиска и замены (prime-editing). Появление удобной системы редактирования CRISPR/Cas способствовало развитию молекулярной частной генетики многих культурных видов растений.

Ключевые слова: CRISPR/Cas, биотехнология, гены-мишени, геномное редактирование, культурные растения, направленный мутагенез

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