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Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова, 2023, T. 109, № 12, стр. 1742-1762

Роль активных форм кислорода в регуляции тонуса кровеносных сосудов в перинатальном и раннем постнатальном онтогенезе

А. А. Швецова 1, *, Д. К. Гайнуллина 1, О. С. Тарасова 1, 2

1 Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова
Москва, Россия

2 Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН
Москва, Россия

* E-mail: anastasiashvetsova92@gmail.com

Поступила в редакцию 01.09.2023
После доработки 12.10.2023
Принята к публикации 16.10.2023

Аннотация

Активные формы кислорода (АФК) на протяжении многих лет рассматривались в качестве негативных регуляторов сердечно-сосудистой системы. Действительно, избыточная продукция АФК характерна для многих сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Особенно ярко повреждающее влияние АФК может проявляться в организме новорожденного, поскольку в этот период констрикторное влияние АФК в сосудах легких остается высоким, как и в сосудах плода, а системы антиоксидантной защиты еще не успели сформироваться. Поэтому в первые часы и дни самостоятельной жизни легочные сосуды склонны к сокращению, прежде всего из-за низкой биодоступности эндотелиального NO, что повышает риск развития легочной гипертензии новорожденных. Вместе с тем в перинатальный период онтогенеза АФК играют важную роль в адаптивных реакциях системы кровообращения: они обеспечивают перекрытие артериального протока и разобщение малого и большого кругов кровообращения сразу после рождения, а также способствуют сокращению периферических сосудов при гипоксии, которая часто сопутствует процессу родов, что обеспечивает приоритетное кровоснабжение головного мозга в этих условиях. Вазомоторное влияние АФК сохраняется и в раннем постнатальном онтогенезе, но имеет иной характер. Действие АФК служит одним из механизмов увеличения эндотелий-зависимого расслабления легочных сосудов в первые недели жизни. Кроме того, в период раннего постнатального онтогенеза АФК могут играть важную роль в регуляции тонуса системных сосудов. В данном обзоре изложены современные представления о вазомоторной роли АФК в сосудах легочного и системного кругов кровообращения и рассмотрены механизмы влияния АФК на функционирование эндотелиальных и гладкомышечных клеток сосудов в перинатальном и раннем постнатальном периодах развития организма.

Ключевые слова: активные формы кислорода, ранний постнатальный онтогенез, перинатальный период, тонус сосудов, эндотелий, гладкая мышца

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