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Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова, 2023, T. 109, № 9, стр. 1167-1184

Маркеры нейроонтогенеза в гипочувствительный к стрессу период: сравнение у лабораторных грызунов и человека

А. О. Манолова 1, *, Н. В. Гуляева 1

1 Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН
Москва, Россия

* E-mail: anna.manolova@ihna.ru

Поступила в редакцию 28.08.2023
После доработки 04.09.2023
Принята к публикации 05.09.2023

Аннотация

В настоящее время не вызывает сомнений, что целый ряд заболеваний психоневрологического спектра ассоциированы со стрессом в детском возрасте. Для изучения механизмов раннего стресса используют различные модели на лабораторных грызунах, позволяющие получить данные о механизмах патогенеза психопатологий, которые невозможно исследовать на людях. Для успешной трансляции данных необходимо, в частности, сравнение процессов нейроонтогенеза в момент предъявления воздействия и последующие периоды. В литературе немало сравнительных исследований, касающихся развития нейронов и нейрональных сетей, а также изменений гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковой оси. В последние годы достоверно показано, что важным участником как развития мозга, так и его реакции на стресс являются глиальные клетки. Подкрепляется мнение о том, что именно микроглия и астроциты представляют наиболее перспективные мишени для терапевтического воздействия при стресс-зависимых заболеваниях. Тем не менее, до сих пор отсутствуют сравнительные аналитические исследования, охватывающие как стресс-реализующие системы, так и нейрональные и глиальные маркеры развития. Данный обзор, заполняющий этот пробел, может дать новый ракурс для рассмотрения проблем моделирования детского стресса и трансляции полученных данных. Представленный анализ суммирован в сравнительной схеме основных событий нейроонтогенеза лабораторных грызунов и человека в гипочувствительный к стрессу период, эта схема дополняет существующее представление о соответствии этапов развития мозга у лабораторных грызунов и человека. Представленные данные позволяют наметить точки роста и ставят новые вопросы перед исследователями стресса в раннем онтогенезе.

Ключевые слова: детский стресс, гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковая ось, гипочувствительный к стрессу период, микроглия, астроглия

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