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Успехи физиологических наук, 2023, T. 54, № 2, стр. 20-36

Роль гиппокампа в восприятии и запоминании запахов. Гипотетический нейронный механизм

И. Г. Силькис *

Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии РАН
117485 Москва, Россия

* E-mail: isa-silkis@mail.ru

Поступила в редакцию 09.01.2023
После доработки 15.01.2023
Принята к публикации 25.01.2023

Аннотация

Предложен механизм взаимозависимого функционирования обонятельной и гиппокампальной нейронных сетей. В этом функционировании существенную роль играют длительные изменения эффективности связей между нейронами из этих сетей, а также из вентральной части базальных ганглиев, фронтальных областей коры, таламических ядер реуниенс и медиодорзального. Запахи участвуют в пространственном картировании и навигации, поскольку эти два вида информации обрабатываются одновременно и взаимозависимо. Предложенный механизм формирования отображений ассоциаций “запах–объект–место” в активности нейронов из разных полей гиппокампа может лежать в основе участия запахов в определении “полей места”. Поле СА2 гиппокампа вносит важный вклад в этот процесс, способствуя запоминанию и извлечению из памяти информации, связанной с запахами и с их расположением. Благодаря гиппокампальным проекциям в обонятельные структуры, в активности нейронов пириформной коры также формируются пространственные отображения окружающей среды. Согласно предлагаемому механизму, повреждения различных звеньев анализируемых цепей, как и ослабление нейрогенеза в зубчатой извилине и обонятельной луковице, должны ухудшать обоняние и память на запахи. Это следствие согласуется с обонятельным дефицитом при различных нейродегенеративных и вирусных заболеваниях, а также при старении.

Ключевые слова: обоняние, гиппокамп, межнейронные взаимодействия, синаптическая пластичность, ассоциации “запах–объект–место”

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